INTEGRATION OF AUTHORITATIVE AND VOLUNTEERED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FOR UPDATING URBAN MAPPING: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIALS

This paper provides a bibliometric review between integration of authoritative and volunteered geographic information for the purpose of cartographic updating of urban mappings. The adopted methodology was through a bibliometric survey of the literature published by Web of Science and Science Direct. The period was evaluated from 2005 to 2020 and the keywords used were: integration of authoritative data, volunteered geographic information, VGI, large scale topographic mapping, Authoritative urban mapping. The number of publications found was small for the topic that deals with this integration, totalizing 14 articles at Web of Science and 23 at Science Direct. 38% of them were published in the International Journal of Geo Information (ISPRS), 16% in the International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 5% were published in the Cartography and Geographic Information Science and the Computer Geosciences respectively. The other 36% is shown in several other journals, approximately 3% each. Regarding the origin of publications, 25% are in Germany (University of Heidelberg), 14% in the UK (New Castle University), 13% in China (Wuhan University), 11% in Canada (Calgary University), and other countries show percentages between 3% and 5%. Among the research, areas are physical geography, remote sensing, computer science, information science, engineering, and public administration. Among themes addressed in the articles, potentials can be pointed out as existence of models which institutions can implement management of information received collaboratively, existence of several methodologies for quality control of this information so that they can be integrated into authoritative data that are called as data conflation. Methodologies for handling big data and semantic interoperability, as well as automation of processes. This data potential is not only on platforms such as OpenStreetMap, but also on data collected through scraping from social networks such as twitter, sites, and others. Among the challenges, there are still somethings to investigate regarding consideration of temporal, historic, political, and economic aspects, as well as the consideration of legal aspects. The integration of this volunteered geographic information is necessary, mainly in cities with economic and cultural difficulties to maintain their mapping up to date, as well as the difficulty of accessing information that allows access to authoritative data


INTRODUCTION
Technological computer advances of the last decades have allowed any individual who has a computer or smartphone with internet access to generate geoinformation. This feature is associated with web 2.0, a concept defined by O'Reilly in 2007; where it is established users to become fundamental elements in generation and management of certain information, besides being consumers of it. In this context, there are Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in which geospatial data are stored on online platforms and can be edited at any time by users. It is important to emphasize that these users do not need to have technical knowledge in cartography, but only local knowledge of the edited features. VGI platforms have become fundamental in generating updated geospatial data. This aspect can be exemplified by observing information inherent to OpenStreetMap (OSM) platform since in 2020 it was found that there are more than 6.2 million registered users and more than 6.4 billion features stored. However, despite efficiency presented and constant updating of information in the geographical scenario, there are still limitations to use VGI data sources in cartographic products, since these do not characterize authoritative cartography with known and controlled quality parameters Authoritative mapping is generated by official mapping agencies with the purpose of representing all visible features in the landscape. This mapping has been produced by mapping organizations to represent territorial features for general use in ways that serve a variety of uses (KENT, 2009). This type of classic cartographic knowledge information was for a long time the only approach referring to concepts associated with the generation of cartographic representations (ELWOOD et al. 2012). However, computational advances, already discussed, allowed users without knowledge in cartography to also become generators of special data. Connors et al. (2012) state that with the growing participation of non-specialist users in elaboration and dissemination of spatial information, challenges associated with the quality and truthfulness of these data have arisen, since it can vary according to type of information, area of study and group of contributors evaluated. The evaluation of quality in geospatial data has its importance associated with investigation of the truthfulness of information, so it is possible to measure and document these characteristics associated with the cartographic product It is then allowed to characterize aspects related to discrepancies, omissions, uncertainties, and assign characteristics associated with the purpose that will be given to data according to the results obtained. (GOODCHILD, 2010). According to Machado and Camboim (2019), many governments are studying the possibility of interacting with collaborative mapping and accepting the contribution of geospatial data produced by common citizens, mainly through platforms such as OSM. Among main motivations are: on one hand, the potential of citizens to act as sensors in environment where they live and the reduction in mapping costs; and, on other hand, use of population's knowledge to support decision making and land management. In latter, citizens are seen as partners, the opposite of the vision of citizens as sensors Goodchild, 2007). Studies that explore the possibilities of use and integration of data from IGVs become important, especially for regions that have difficulties in keeping their mappings updated, an important characteristic of VGI. et al. (2004), considers that research methodologies focus on a set of norms and procedures, which the academic community accepts, seek the development of scientific knowledge. Therefore, having a broad and well-defined repertoire of research methods may contribute to the emergence of new work proposals, theories, and practical experiences that, as a consequence, leverage the production of knowledge in certain areas. According to Kitchenham (2004), systematic literature review (SRL) is an important tool to identify, evaluate and interpret research questions, whether they are thematic, specific or phenomena of interest, thus evaluating what is already available and relevant, as well as the discovery of new research gaps. Thus, its evaluation process involves verifying the behavior of an artifact in environment for which it was designed with explicit propositions, rules for testing, and statements of results. The criteria adopted in the review involve the following procedures: (i) review planning; (ii) conducting the review; and (iii) analysis of results.

Review Planning
The review planning was structured to identify the multiple sources of evidence, aiming to discriminate: (i) study commitments; (ii) main objective; (iii) search strategies; (iv) list of researched bases (v) criteria for inclusion and exclusion; (vi) summarization of results. Papers should be published based on scientific journals and contemplate the time interval from 2005 to 2020 and searches were performed in Web of Science and Science Direct database. The terms used were: integration of authoritative data, volunteered geographic information, VGI, large scale mapping, authoritative urban mapping. Some criteria were defined for inclusion of selected papers: (i) papers that portray an application associated with VGI integration and authoritative mapping; (ii) works with the search term at least in title, abstract, or keywords; (iii) online papers published between 2005 and 2020. As exclusion criteria, it was defined: (i) literature review studies (ii) repeated articles and (iii) unavailability for a complete download of papers. Figure 1 schematically presents the adopted criteria.

Technical Selection
To obtain integrated literature, the following keywords were used: integration of authoritative data "AND" volunteered geographic information and/or VGI. Then, the terms authoritative urban mapping "AND" large scale mapping "AND" VGI was used, and finally authoritative urban mapping "AND" VGI. Initially, 189 publications were found and all associated with full papers or expanded abstracts, shown in Table 1.

INITIAL SUMMARIZATION
Stage  The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIII-B4-2020, 2020 XXIV ISPRS Congress (2020 edition)

RESULTS
Among the journals where the largest number of publications were found 38% of these were published in the International Journal of Geo Information (ISPRS), 16% in the International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 5% were published in the Cartography and Geographic Information Science and the Computer Geosciences respectively. The other 36% displayed in various other periodic approximately 3% each. Figure 2 shows these results.

Figure 2: Main periodic
Regarding the origin of publications, 25% are in Germany (University of Heidelberg), 14% in the UK (New Castle University), 13% in China (Wuhan University), 11% in Canada (Calgary University), and other countries show percentages between 3% and 5%. Figure 3 shows these results.

Figure 3: Origin of publications
Among the research, areas are physical geography, remote sensing, computer science, information science, engineering, and public administration.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Among the analyzed papers, some interesting themes were chosen to be analyzed and presented below.

WORD CLOUD
One of the analyses that were performed was the keywords presented in the analyzed articles. Among the words that were repeated the most were: VGI, Data, GIS, Geographic, Mapping, Evaluation, Geospatial, Openstreetmap, Precision, Semantic, Urban, being represented with greater size in world cloud. In figure 5 this word cloud is presented.

QUALITY CONTROL MODELS FOR VALIDATION OF GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION
Johnson (2017) proposes four models that can define how a government can perform quality control in acceptance of direct edits and feedback on geospatial data. A form that can be applied to collaborative information or not. Four models are a "status quo" of open data provision, data curation, data mirroring, and crowdsourcing. These models are placed in continuous government control, which ranges from high levels of control over data creation to a low level of control. Each model is discussed, with relevant challenges highlighted. These four models present an initial set of options for governments that wish to accept direct editions of end-users of data and can be framed as a partial realization of many principles of open government. Despite the varied potential of these approaches, they bring about a change in the control location away from the government, creating various areas of risk for the government. Of these models, short-term interest may focus on curating and mirroring data as evolutionary, rather than revolutionary steps that expand on the simple provision of open data.

GEOSPATIAL DATA INTEGRATION INITIATIVES
Many governments already work with information from VGI, mainly through platforms, such as OSM Johnson & Sieber, 2013). Among the main motivations are: on the one hand, the potential of citizens to act as sensors in environment in which they live and the reduction in mapping costs; and, on the other hand, the use of population's knowledge to support decision making and land management.
In the latter, citizens are seen as partners, opposite of the view of citizens as sensors Goodchild, 2007). It is possible to mention some institutions that already perform integrations between mappings, according to a study carried out by Olteanu-Raimond et al.  Figure 5 provides an overview of the use of VGI in NMA. An almost universal characteristic in this study by  was that each agency that was actively involved with VGI verified the information received using a variety of information sources, including those acquired by its team from these institutions, need to undergo an assessment of the quality of these data received. It was also found that mapping agencies are significantly involved with VGI and that several organizations that currently do not explore VGI plan to get involved shortly future because they assume the importance of this information. It is also apparent that, in most cases, current involvement is limited to detecting changes and correcting errors. Evaluation of the quality of information from OSM, Ordnance Survey (UK), and General Directorate of Research (Iraq) for possible integration. The method used to dynamically integrate OSM data into the borderland database.

8
The potential for using volunteered geographic information in pervasive health computing applications. MOONEY et al. (2013) Integrates information from OSM and twitter with health-related information, particularly in areas where access to information about health services is limited or difficult.

9
An automatic data integration approach to enrich ATKIS with the VGI of outdoor-sports data. ZHANG et al (2018) Data integration between (a) ATKIS topographic data set maintained by German research and mapping agencies and (b) the Alpstein outdoor sports data (AOSD) 10 A polygon-based approach for matching Openstreetmap road networks with regional transit authority data. FAN et al (2015) Polygon-based approach to combine OpenStreetMap road network with official data 11 Some basic mathematical constraints for the geometric conflation problem. CASADO (2006) Procedures between its 1:25000 series, the cadastral cartography 1:1000 and the street guide information 1:1000 collected by the INE (National Statistical Institute) for integration 12 Digital map conflation: a review of the process and a proposal for classification. RUIZ et al (2011) State-of-the-art analysis of conflation processes applied to geospatial databases (GDBs) from heterogeneous sources. The term conflation is used to describe the procedure for the integration of different data.  (2018) This study aims to present a new approach to improve the positional accuracy and integrity of the OSM road network with the integration of historical information to be taken into account.

19
The Value of OpenStreetMap Historical Contributions as a Source of Sampling Data for Multi-Temporal Land Use/Cover Maps. VIANA et al (2019) The study used historical OSM data to support LULC's multitemporal regional and rural mapping (source of mapping and visualization of land use).

20
Using geometric properties to evaluate the possible integration of authoritative and volunteered geographic information. MINGHINI & FRASSINELLI (2019) Methodology for assessing positional and form quality of large-scale authorized data, such as data from the UK Ordnance Survey (OS) and data from the Iraqi General Directorate of Research (GDS) and (VGI), such as OpenStreetMap (OSM), with intention of evaluating a possible integration.

21
Integrating and generalizing volunteered geographic information. SESTER et al (2014) This paper describes approaches for the integration of official and informal sources and discusses the impact of integrating user-generated data on automated generalization and visualization.

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Data privacy and ethical uses of volunteered geographic information. BLATT A.J. (2015) The goal of this chapter is to explore these important issues of patient privacy, ethics, and liability, as they pertain to the use of VGI To study the progress of the VGI data it is of interest to compare it with authority data. This study presents an assessment of two commonly-used approaches consisting of Segment-based and Node-based for matching two linear datasets 26 Geospatial Information Integration for Authoritative and Crowd-Sourced Road Vector Data. DU et al (2012) This article describes results from a research project undertaken to explore the technical issues associated with integrating unstructured crowdsourced data with authoritative national mapping data.

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Developing an interactive mobile volunteered geographic information platform to integrate environmental big data and citizen science in urban This paper evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the selected real cases: "Field Photo," "CoCoRaHS," "OakMapper," "What's Invasive!", "Leafsnap," "U.S. Green Infrastructure Reporter", and management. TANG et al (2017) "Nebraska Wetlands". Based on these case studies, the results indicate that active, loyal, and committed users are key to ensuring the success of citizen science projects. Online and offline activities should be integrated to promote the effectiveness of public engagement in environmental management.

28
Geometric-based approach for integrating VGI POIs and road networks. YANG & LU (2014) The method integrates both the POIs from VGI and the POIs from official mapping agencies with the associated road networks effectively and validly, providing a promising solution for enriching professional road networks by integrating VGI POIs. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLIII-B4-2020, 2020 XXIV ISPRS Congress (2020 edition) JOHNSON (2012) to accept VGI-by formalizing the VGI collection process, through encouraging collaboration between levels of government, and by investigating the participatory potential of VGI.

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The scale of VGI in map production: a perspective on European national mapping agencies. OLTEANU-RAIMONd (2017) The potential role of citizen sensing and so its current scale of use by European National Mapping Agencies (NMAs) is limited by a series of concerns, notably relating to issues of data quality, the nature and motivation of the contributors, legal issues, the sustainability of data source, and employment fears of NMA staff.

37
VGI in National Mapping Agencies: Experiences and Recommendations.  This chapter aims to give an overview of the experiences of some European NMAs in engaging with VGI. Table 3: Publications and relevant context in the integration process

INTEGRATION CHALLENGES
Among the challenges and integration from VGI and authoritative mapping, it occurs due to the growth of open data platforms and the increasing share of geospatial data across portals regarding geospatial issues. VGI creates an opportunity for government institutions to get updated information. Open data encourages transparency in government activities and reduces the cost of data sharing between government agencies, encourages innovation in civic services, thereby supporting economic development. Another possibility is to use information from open data platforms like Openstreetmap is to check the behavior of updates in urban space. evaluate which areas are growing and which is the vector of growth or not of cities. Another possibility that is being researched by the main authors of this article is the creation of a method that proposes indicators to evaluate the outdated authoritative mapping. By systematizing this method, it is possible to verify which areas of mapping need updating. The proposal deals with a targeted update, without the need for new mapping.

CONCLUSION
In this paper, the main considerations regarding the integration of collaborative mapping with reference mapping through a bibliometric review were addressed. The characteristics of each of the mappings were addressed, involving issues related to their production, legal, and quality issues, as well as examples of international initiatives in which integration between them has already taken place. This information supported a synthesis point out the main challenges and potentialities for the integration of the mappings. It has been demonstrated that integration of voluntary mapping can enrich, update and complement official mapping, but it poses several challenges, requiring methods of analysis, compatibility, and automation of processes inherent to mapping and integration, in addition to procedures for documentation of the quality of collaborative data through metadata.