A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND SANITATION PROFILE OF SMART CITIES – A CASE STUDY OF TIRUCHIRAPALLI CITY

Health and Sanitation are the two major limbs that support Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan. This scheme was launched by the Indian Government targeting towards achieving a more clean and healthy India. The present study was done for estimating the cleanliness and development of Tiruchirapalli city located in the state of Tamil Nadu. Geospatial & Statistical tools were used for analyzing and ranking different wards. Panchromatic & MSS merged image and ancillary data obtained from Trichy Municipal Corporation was used to derive necessary GIS layers. Adequacy of the public toilets for each ward was found out using spatial layers and mathematical equation derived from census and sanitation data. Development Index was generated for each ward giving appropriate ranking by considering parameters such as public toilets, population, built-up densities and NDVI for each ward. The results were used for estimating the adequacy of public toilets in each ward and deciding the best wards based on ranks obtained from weighted values of different developmental parameters.


INTRODUCTION
Mahatma Gandhi had given much importance to Sanitation and it was his dream to make India a clean and developed Country.Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan is being carried out by the Quality Council of India in collaboration with the Ministry of Urban development in which an extensive sanitation survey was done across various cities of the country in order to analyze the effect, impact and progress of Swachh Bharat Mission for establishing a level of competitiveness amongst selected cities all over the country.It is run by the Government of India to fulfill the vision of the Father of the Indian Nation, 'Mahatma Gandhi' by taking the help of all communities of people specialized in different sectors to make it a global success.The mission has to be completed by the 150 th birth anniversary of the Father of the Nation (2 nd October of 2019).The mission covers all rural and urban sectors of India under guidance of the Urban Development and Drinking Water and Sanitation ministries accordingly.Trichy was awarded the cleanest city award in the year 2017.

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA
Tiruchirappalli famously known as Trichy, is a Swachh Bharat City in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu which is the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District.Tiruchirappalli is the third and fourth largest city by area and population in the state as per census 2011.Trichy lies in between 10.73644 to 10.89534 North latitudes and 78.615 to 78.762 East longitudes.It has the fourth largest Municipality and urban agglomeration in the state of Tamil Nadu.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The aim of this study is to find the adequacy of sanitary facilities by taking into consideration public toilet information, its impact on Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan and monitoring the development of wards with the help of ranks which are assigned using python coding.Analysis was done for 65 wards of Trichy through statistical evaluation of selected wards by taking into consideration parameters such as greenery, households, population, population density, ward area and public toilet.Keeping in mind the above targets, following research questions have been set for the study:- Further he reported that all environmental scientists as well as engineers are not bothered about cleaning up the country.He reported that it is serious problem, and it costs major behavioural improvements as well as high expertise as well as scientific knowledge about biology, ecosystems and the environment.He reported that waste management is one of the major challenges needed to be taken up by Indian Government and scientists.

Satellite Images
CartoSat-2S data was used during the course of the study which include the following two datasets which as=re displayed in Figure 2

GIS Database Generation
Satellite data analysis yielded the built-up, NDVI, updated transportation network, surface water bodies, drainages, slope, and geomorphology layers.Shape files for different layers including available layers from earlier project were brought to a standardized projection and data was made ready for analysis displayed in Figure 4.The legacy data that was derived using GIS platform that were used for the analysis are listed as below: a. Ward Boundary b.Layers such as geomorphology, slope, settlements, soil etc. c.Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) d.Water body features including rivers and lakes.e.Transportation Network which includes road and rail network f.Land use Land cover layers g.Toilet layers All layers mentioned above were at a different orientation which was spatially adjusted later using high resolution image and Arc GIS spatial adjustment tools.

Adequacy of Public Toilets
The required number of toilets in each zone was calculated using the formula shown below:  After having carefully observed and analyzed the data using the above mentioned methods, we have assessed that Trichy is a clean city in overall but some wards in the city still needs to be improved critically.As per the analysis, the wards were classified under three categories viz., high, moderate and low developed wards as displayed in Figure 7.
Ward Number 4, 45 and 52 was identified with more area under greenery, built-up, transportation network and good sanitation facilities.These wards have therefore been reflected in the total scores as highly developed.
On the contrary, Ward Number 9 and 36 was identified with inadequate green cover, very less built-up, poor infrastructure facilities viz., public toilets and transportation network.Hence, these wards are reflected as poorly developed.
Table 2 shows the development index of the wards, pictorial representation of which is shown in Figure 8.

CONCLUSIONS
Health and Sanitation is needed to be well maintained by every person to achieve a clean and a healthy earth.There is no doubt that India has achieved a major milestone in improving the living conditions by improvising Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan and can be improved to a good extent in the future.The above analysis clearly demonstrates abilities of GIS and Remote Sensing playing a major role in assessing sanitation facilities as well as for monitoring the development of the city.The study however shows us a glimpse of the sanitary condition as well as development of the city.Wards that are classified under worst category need more improvement as they reflect very poor sanitation and development statistics.The city is still lacking sanitation facilities due to rapid increase in population and migration to the city.Hence, proper planning is still needed to be done.However ground verification and interaction with officials and people need to be carried out to validate the results.

FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY
Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan is one of a major success of the Government of India in successfully improving the living standards, health and sanitation amongst citizens of different states of India.But not to miss the fact that this target is achieved by political participation rather than planning techniques.A lot of success for the country is yet to be achieved.This can be achieved by proper planning methods and giving suggestions, keeping records and monitoring them and many more things.All these can be achieved by using spatial planning tools and programming languages.Still lot of work is left to be done in this field such as suggesting proper waste dumping sites, redesigning of roads and extremely crowded areas, implementation of rain water harvesting systems and many more.The use of Remote Sensing and GIS can be major tools in achieving all desired results.Spatial Technology when combined with Big Data Analytics can become a major step in achieving such results

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are thankful to Director, NRSC and CGM RRSCs for their encouragement.We thank Trichy Municipal Corporation for providing necessary data for carrying out the research.We extend our sincere thanks to the technical as well as nontechnical staff of RRSC-S for providing required support during the course of the work.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Location Map of Tiruchirappalli (Trichy) All the water needs in Trichy is fulfilled from Cauvery river that flows in the northern part of the city; where it branches out into two rivers and again joins at a distance forming the world known island of Srirangam which is incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation lately.The city is home to 916,857 people and occupies over 167.23 square kilometers as per 2011 census.The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli are the Rockfort, Ranganathaswamy temple and the Jambukeswarar temple.

Figure 2 :Figure 3 :
Figure 2: Satellite Images used during the study

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: GIS Layers; a: Public Toilets; b: Rivers and water bodies; c: Road Network; d: Built-up Area; e: NDVI; f: Rail Network

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Best ranked wards 1. Does the city of Trichy have adequate sanitary facilities? 2. Can Trichy be considered as a Swachh Bharat City in true sense? 3. What is the current scenario of development in Trichy?Munier.S (2005) et.al [6] derived from his studies that Sustainability Revolution has evolved into a diverse, world-wide, multi-cultural and a visionary revolution, which focused on the 3E's simultaneously leading to a positive response from both within and amongst people of the society.Ecology & Environment, Economy &Employment, Equity & Equality, all components of the 3E's are necessary in establishing sustainable development, since it provides us with a strategy to update humans from practising resources without sustaining them to a global relationship with nature that modifies not only the relationship of man with earth and its biodiversity but also structures of values required to integrate issues related to ecology and economics.7 Earth 911.Trash Planet: India (2009) et.al [7] in their study found out that Ecological and Environmental sustenance is necessary for the existence of man.Growth of urban population is recorded approximately at a rate of 20 per cent per year since 1980's and the projected statistics shows that it can be incremented by 10 per cent or more by the end of 2015.The nation's waste management scheme which is poorly organized is continuing to increase irreversible damage to the environment and serious health problems.The, industry and government need to work together to make major improvements.Clean India Journal Creating Cleanliness et.al [9] Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Damodhar Modi had officially launched this campaign on the birthday of the father of the nation "2 October 2014" at New Delhi.He participated in road cleaning activities too.Participation of about 3 million people of India from different communities, religion, race, caste, creed and gender was witnessed during the event.It was India's biggest ever Environmental sustenance includes sustainable use of air, heating, water, cooling and food which is safe to eat.If this continues to happen, then it will increase the chances of ecological crisis such as depletion of water bodies due to overfishing, deforestation and pollution of land and forest area by clear-cutting and depleting fresh water bodies by addition of toxins and pollutants.Secondly, economic and employment sustenance is necessary to create a long term employment but not by pressurizing the ecosystem.Haw ken, Amory and Hunter quoted that "natural capital, made up of resources, living systems and ecosystem services" is an essential factor influencing economic development giving more priorities to human, financial and capital resources.Thirdly, equity and equality sustenance is needed for the community as a whole taking into view ecological as well as economic development for a long term.It describes the well-being of the individual and community, both of which are dependent on each other.Equal distribution of resources shall be ensured for establishing long term sustenance of the society.However, almost every human activity generates some type of waste matter.There is an Indians could generate as more as 27 million tons more waste than U.S. per year.The problem had been boosted by India's rapid population growth.

Table 2 :
Development Statistics Figure 08: Map displaying the Development Status of wards