USING GIS FOR DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN GROWTH CASE KYRENIA REGION

It is critical to develop urban layers for analysis sustainable urban development possibilities within planning process. Kyrenia Region has many physical, environmental or economic issues that may danger the growth possibilities in sustainable manner. From this point, this study uses different spatial layers such as slope, distance to roads, distance to central zone, vegetation, soil productivity, environmental protection zones, distance to open/green space, distance to education for supporting sustainable urban growth policies and define suitable areas for urban development within this perspective. The study tries to convert sustainable urban growth policies such as; compact growth, environmental protection, equal accessibility to basic services; into spatial layers and establish proper framework for multi criteria evaluation in Kyrenia Region within using geographical information systems. It shows suitability values for Kyrenia region and constraints zones at final section. It clearly presents the suitable areas for the sustainable urbanization and also unsuitable or risky areas for reducing the possible disasters and may happen in the future. * Corresponding author


INTRODUCTION
GIS is one of the formalised computer-based information system which is suitable integrating data from various sources to maintain the information.This information is very important using practical decision-making in urban planning (Han 1989).Land use suitability assessment which is a crucial application in urban planning and land use management, provides fundamental base for planning through decision making process.(Long Y. 2009) Many researchers and planners have created detailed applications for many case studies and explore different perspectives about land suitability assessment for this issues (Lingjung L. 2008;AbuSada, J. 2011;Wang, H., 2013).
In general, this study concentrates on using GIS and MCE to produce suitability maps as spatial factors of urban growth.Accordingly, it aims to construct sustainable urban development goals and perspectives and converting them as spatial criteria choices.

STUDY AREA
The Study area is located in the northern part of Cyprus Island.It covers an area of 637 square kilometre area and 69163 population in 2011(State Planning Organization, 2011) From 2004, due to the Annan Plan period.This rapid urbanization has brought many problems in the region such as loss of primary soils and vegetation, piecemeal growth in housing environments and decrease in accessibility to social amenities or green space and others (Kara, 2016).(Kara, 2016) The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-3/W4, 2018 GeoInformation For Disaster Management (Gi4DM), 18-21 March 2018, Istanbul, Turkey

Data
In general, data availability is so critique to establish comprehensive model for defining urban growth suitability in terms of sustainable development.Therefore, possible local offices are checked to set up geographical information data.Due to that sustainable urban growth requires many principles, it is important to develop many alternative spatial layers to cover different policies.Spatial data layers are given by the following section (Table 1).These layers than converted as multi criteria maps according to the study analysis.

Name Source
Road

GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation
In order to analyze suitable areas for sustainable urban growth in Kyrenia region, it is required to select proper sustainable urban growth policies.Sustainable urban growth policies were constructed from not only literature but also local experts' interview.These are grouped into three main policy and sub policies that can be converted into spatial criteria for a multicriteria evaluation process (Figure 3).Each policy is transferred to spatial parameters for improving the land use suitability degree within MCE based Urban Growth Modelling within Sustainable Urban Growth policies.In other words, they are defined as site selection criteria.Suitability is calculated according to the equation 1 (Eastman, 2001). where Wj= Relative importance weight of criteria j Xji=the standardizing value of area i under criterion j n=is the number of criteria Figure 3: MCE Model for assessing Sustainable Urban Growth for Kyrenia

Criteria Description
In the following section, criteria (economic, environmental or social) and sub-criteria that are used for Sustainable Urban Growth in Kyrenia region are explained.

Slope:
Slope is one of the basic criteria to be considered in economic terms.It is suggested to select flat areas for development and continuity of the urban growth.Therefore, 0-5 percent, 5-10 percent, 10-15 percent, 15-20 percent (Figure 4) Additionally, it has small zones that can be re-generated.Therefore, it is important to first using central zone for growth then proximate areas should be developed.In order to have compact and smarth growth opportunities for sustainable urban development in Kyrenia region linear growth should be avoided.Within this perspective, areas within 0-1km, 1-5km and 5km+ zones were determined for the evaluation (Figure 5).

Distance to Main Roads:
It is important to use existing areas that have connection primary roads.From that point, areas within 0-250m, 250-500m 500-1000m and 1000m+ zones were determined for the evaluation (Figure 6).

Soil Productivity:
In general, 1st and 2nd classes are reserved for agricultural activities with the 3rd, 4th 5th 6th and 7th are suitable for dry agriculture and forestry.Therefore, areas within the 1st and 2nd classes were classified as exclusionary zones for analysis.the 3rd and 4th combined into one class, 5th and 6th into another one and 7th is defined as different class for analysis.According to the Cukurova University, existing urban zones are not surveyed in 2000.Therefore, some parts of the study area doesn't have proper soil productivity information (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Soil productivity criteria map

Environmental Protection Areas:
There are internationally recognized environmental areas in Kyrenia Region.Akdeniz (Ag Irini) Kyrenia Mountains (Pentadaktylos), and Alagadi (Alakati) areas are listed as NATURA 2000 areas.Therefore, these areas added as constraints for evaluation.Areas within 0-500m, 500-1000m and 1000m+ zones were determined for the evaluation (Figure8).

Vegetation:
Additional to Environmental Protection Areas in Cyprus, it's important to protect the ecological uniqueness of the regional vegetation.Several vegetation classes have agricultural activities and different forests types must be selected as constraints and should be subtracted from assessment process.Forest Needle, and Forest Eucalyptus were determined as constraints for evaluation.Grass, Ag-Orchards Bare ground, Irrigated Agriculture, Dry Pasture and grassland were selected in different zones for evaluation (Figure 9).

Distance to Education
In addition to green space accessibility, it is also crucial to have efficient accessibility to educational services.Therefore, Areas within 0-500m, 500-1000m and 1000m+ zones were determined for the evaluation (Figure 11).Intermediate values between the two adjacent judgments

Reciprocals of above nonzero
If activity i has one of the above nonzero numbers assigned to it when compared with activity j, then j has the reciprocal value when compared with i Table 2:

RESULTS
In order to have final suitability analysis, 8 different criteria maps are converted into raster format and their cell values and attributes are updated with criteria weights.After that raster calculator is used to multiple criteria weights and sum up all values.Additionally, constraint map is also multiplied with the final suitability raster layer for presenting and analyzing unsuitable areas for the study area (Table 5 ).Approximately, 388 square kilometer of the total area is updated as constraint area of the total area.5: Areas that excluded from suitability analysis 249 square kilometer of the area can be used for urban growth according to the results.As can be seen from the final suitability map (Figure 12), there are high suitable areas in northern part of the study area.On the other hand, southern part of the study area have lower suitability values for sustainable urban growth.Only small zones that are closer to existing road network and urban zones have higher values in southern part of the Kyrenia region.Additionally, eastern part of the region has some areas with proper suitability values that over 0,25 and 0,30.

CONCLUSION
The paper discuss about the suitability analysis in Kyrenia region.In this work 8 criteria use d for analysis but can be expanded more criteria and/or different weights to the criteria which are based on analysis type.The main criteria and weights are depend on the importance of the criteria based on the vision of the planning issues.Protecting critical issues in the cities while planning is the key idea.One of the primary asset protecting environment and ecology.There is high potential using GIS MCE for evaluation in land use rural and urban planning.This improves scientific of land use planning.It contribute a better platform for land suitability evaluation of urban and rural planning.Further more analysis and improvements can be done for this issue future research.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Location map of study area

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Distance to central zone criteria map

Figure 6 :
Figure 6: Distance to roads criteria map

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Distance to Natura 2000 zones criteria map

Figure
Figure 9: Vegetation criteria map

Figure 10 :
Figure 10: Distance to green/open space criteria map

Figure 11 :
Figure 11: Distance to education criteria map After the development of spatial criteria set, it is required to define criteria weights.Pairwise comparison matrices were formed by the interviews with various experts and stakeholders from different institutions.Decision-makers such as Town Planner, architects, Geology Engineer, Civil Engineer, Environmental Engineer, etc. ranked each criteria weights by comparing and filling the matrices.After that, CR values for each comparison table were checked to confirm the reliability of these experts' choice.According to the (Saaty, 1980) CR should have a value of less than 10 percent.In this study, CR values have lower values than the 10 percent which indicate the consistency of the pairwise comparison.Intensity of Importance Definition 1 Equal importance 3 Weak importance of one over another 5 Essential or strong importance 7 Demonstrated importance 9 Absolute importance 2, 4, 6, 8 Pair-wise comparison values for AHP (Saaty, 1994)

Table 1 .
Spatial data source for the study.

Table 3 :
Main criteria and criteria weights and CR values

Table 4 :
Main criteria and critera weights and CR values