A Primary Study on the Recording Method of Interior Decoration in Qing Dynasty---A Case Study of Interior Decoration of Jingfu Palace

The existing interior decoration of Qing Dynasty is the master of that of each dynasty, with its diversified forms and complicated functions. As early as 1920s, the Rehabilitation Committee of Qing court recorded the interior furnishing in the Forbidden City by using Chinese traditional documentary method. Today, along with the constantly updated techniques, the recording method for the current situation of interior decoration has gradually developed from two-dimensional drawings into digital and comprehensive record. However, the current research results are mostly limited to a single field. This paper takes the digital record and reproduction about the current situation of interior decoration in Jingfu Palace in the Forbidden City as an example. Through the use of photogrammetry, 3D laser scanning, virtual display and other technology and equipment at the forefront of architectural field, it makes qualitative and quantitative record about the interior decoration inside Jingfu Palace. By combing with the interpretation of historical documents, it restores the original design ideas hidden behind the current situation of interior decoration, so as to summarize the best recording and reproducing method of interior decoration of Qing Dynasty. * Corresponding author, This paper is supported by National Natrual Science Foundation of China:(project NO, 51508377) The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W5, 2017 26th International CIPA Symposium 2017, 28 August–01 September 2017, Ottawa, Canada This contribution has been peer-reviewed. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W5-621-2017 | © Authors 2017. CC BY 4.0 License. 621 1. THE REVIEW OF RECORDING METHOD FOR THE INTERIOR DECORATION OF THE ROYAL ARCHITECTURE IN QING DYNASTY 1.1 The Recording Method in the Qing Dynasty “Yangshi Lei” as an architectural family who was in charge of royal architectural engineering in the Qing dynasty is famous in the world. When they designed the interior decoration, they preferred to investigate the original interior decoration and draw reconnaissance plan or façade to collect enough design material. (1) Of these, the reconnaissance plan is the majority, which uses the refined legend represents the separation of the interior decoration with dimensions of the separation recorded beside it. (Table 1) At the same time, survey staff records dimensions of the separation in the form of written records. The document of this kind record is named dimension Luejie(略節). (Figure 1) Legend Content Source Original Feizhao 005-004 005-004 Langanzhao 008-016 005-004 Bishachu 005-004 008-016 008-018 Table 1. The part of interior decoration legend of Shendetang Figure 1. Reconnaissance plan and dimension Luejie of Shendetang What’s more, the official of Ministry of Internal Order writes furnishings’ list, when checking furnishings throughout the palace. There are about 10,000 volumes of furnishings’ list in China. Since furnishings do not change greatly each year, the official just need to sign the change of the furnishings in one copy. (Figure 2) Figure 2. Furnishings’ list of Dongnuange The Yangshi Lei reconnaissance plan uses the refined legend to record form information of interior decoration, and uses dimension Luejie to record dimension information accurately. This kind of record can guarantee that the designer will receive enough design materials and ensure that other staff agree on the (1)After preliminary statistics, the number of Yangshi Lei inerior decoration archives is about 3600, mainly in the Domestic Chinese National Library, the National Palace Museum, the First Historical Archives of China, Tsinghua University and so on. content of the record. Although furnishings’ list includes only three kinds of information: location, type and quantity. But that is enough to satisfy the officials' need to manage the items in their area. 1.2 The Recording Method Before the 21th Century 1.2.1 Image Record Since the late Qing Dynasty, with the decline of China's national power, the western colonists inspected the old buildings in China at the same time as the cultural output. Many research works are photo based catalogues or travel photography albums. (Wen, 2006) The famous research scholars are Emmanuel Chavannes (1865-1918), Ernst Boerschmann (1873-1949), Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943), Paul Pelliot (1878-1945), Henry Kikkam Murphy (1877-1954), Osvald Siren (1879-1966) and etc. (Table 2) They conducted field surveys of the old buildings in China from Chinese culture, religion and other aspects, and retained a large amount of image data. Among them, Siren’s photos involve the interior decoration of the royal architecture. Published in 1926, “The Forbidden City of Peking ”includes a total of 14 pieces of architectural drawings and 274 pieces of photographs. These pieces record the spatial layout, architecture, and detailing of the royal architecture, such as the Forbidden City, Jingshan Hill, Beihai and etc. The photographs are mainly based on the architectural form and space combination sequence, but in the records of Taihe palace and the Hall of Raising Silkworms, Siren began to pay attention to the construction of the interior decoration of Chinese traditional architecture. (Figure 3) Name Time Place Work Chavannes 18911908 Northeast


THE REVIEW OF RECORDING METHOD FOR THE INTERIOR DECORATION OF THE ROYAL ARCHITECTURE IN QING DYNASTY
1.1 The Recording Method in the Qing Dynasty "Yangshi Lei" as an architectural family who was in charge of royal architectural engineering in the Qing dynasty is famous in the world.When they designed the interior decoration, they preferred to investigate the original interior decoration and draw reconnaissance plan or façade to collect enough design material.
(1) Of these, the reconnaissance plan is the majority, which uses the refined legend represents the separation of the interior decoration with dimensions of the separation recorded beside it.
(Table 1) At the same time, survey staff records dimensions of the separation in the form of written records.The document of this kind record is named dimension Luejie(略節).(Figure 1)  The Yangshi Lei reconnaissance plan uses the refined legend to record form information of interior decoration, and uses dimension Luejie to record dimension information accurately.This kind of record can guarantee that the designer will receive enough design materials and ensure that other staff agree on the (1) After preliminary statistics, the number of Yangshi Lei inerior decoration archives is about 3600, mainly in the Domestic Chinese National Library, the National Palace Museum, the First Historical Archives of China, Tsinghua University and so on.
content of the record.Although furnishings' list includes only three kinds of information: location, type and quantity.But that is enough to satisfy the officials' need to manage the items in their area.

Preliminary Summary
To summarize recording method before the 21th century, the method develops from one single image method to three methods of combining image, text and survey drawing.In the process, text record also evolves from a single form record to a variety of forms, materials, structures, and so on.The survey drawing also develops from the control dimension record to multi-level record with the detail dimension, decoration motif and so on.

Information Integration Record
For the full integration of interior decoration information, in the study of Fuwangge protection, researchers tried to use the Building Information Model (BIM) technology to record internal decoration.The technology is based on model library, with the in-depth investigation record, researchers can gradually add various kinds of information to interior decoration, and then form a perfect information record index library for interior decoration.Although this recording method is in the exploration stage, its innovative introduction provides the possibility for the informatization of the interior decoration status record.

Preliminary Summary
To summarize recording methods of the 21th century, the first is to complete the interior decoration digital drawing record.After that, with the deepening of interior decoration research, the information needed to be collected are more varied, and new recording methods are introduced accordingly.In the end, the information of interior decoration are recorded and integrated by BIM technology to complete the informatization record of interior decoration.

RECORDING METHOD FOR THE INTERIOR DECORATION OF THE JINGFU PALACE
In May 2015, the school of architecture of Tianjin University was commissioned by the Forbidden City museum to conduct a comprehensive survey of the Jingfu Palace, focusing on the fine surveying of interior decoration.We have adopted a variety of recording methods to record the space size, shape, structure, historical documents and other information of the interior decoration of Jingfu Palace, in order to provide detailed basic data for future research.

Dimension Record
This survey mainly adopts the method of manual measurement, complete the dimension of Jingfu Palace's interior decoration.
In order to speed up the process of record and dimension acquisition, besides the traditional method of marking the data on the manuscript, the author also designs the dimension acquisition form.The form takes the dimension of the inner mouth as the reference object, records the dimension of the nodes inside each mouth, and makes the connection of the datum dimension of each inner mouth, so as to ensure the integrity of the data measurement.(Figure 12) Then use statistical method to list the specific components of each partition, and draw the detailed drawings of interior decoration with the method of computer graphics.

Form Record
There are 13 pieces of interior decoration partitions in jingfu palace, including 1 piece of Langanzhao, 1 piece of Jituizhao, 2 pieces of Bishachu, 2 pieces of Geshankanqiangmenkou, 1 piece of glass partition, 1 piece of Fokan, 2 pieces of Menkou, 1piece of Luodizhao, 1 piece of Kangzhao and 1 piece of wood siding wall.Decorative motif is divided into two kinds of passionflower which is only used in Fokan and longevity.To accurately record the form of interior decoration, in addition to the CAD description pattern, also use the software colouring, photo puzzle and handheld 3D laser scanning point cloud images to record. (Figure 13) The three methods complement each other, the software colouring can clearly reflect the relationship between the object and color information, but lacking details of existing circumstances.Photo puzzle can solve the software colouring's drawbacks and add texture and damage records.However, it difficult to avoid the problem of angle perspective, so there is a certain error in authenticity.Three dimensional point cloud image can guarantee the authenticity of the dimension information because it can obtain the positive image.We hope to attract the attention of scholars from all walks of life and realize the qualitative and quantitative information record of interior decoration in Qing Dynasty as soon as possible.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Reconnaissance plan and dimension Luejie of Shendetang What's more, the official of Ministry of Internal Order writes furnishings' list, when checking furnishings throughout the palace.There are about 10,000 volumes of furnishings' list in China.Since furnishings do not change greatly each year, the official just need to sign the change of the furnishings in one copy.(Figure 2) Image Record Since the late Qing Dynasty, with the decline of China's national power, the western colonists inspected the old buildings in China at the same time as the cultural output.Many research works are photo based catalogues or travel photography albums.(Wen, 2006) The famous research scholars are Emmanuel Chavannes (1865-1918), Ernst Boerschmann (1873-1949), Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943), Paul Pelliot (1878-1945), Henry Kikkam Murphy (1877-1954), Osvald Siren (1879-1966) and etc. (Table2) They conducted field surveys of the old buildings in China from Chinese culture, religion and other aspects, and retained a large amount of image data.Among them, Siren's photos involve the interior decoration of the royal architecture.Published in 1926, "The Forbidden City of Peking "includes a total of 14 pieces of architectural drawings and 274 pieces of photographs.These pieces record the spatial layout, architecture, and detailing of the royal architecture, such as the Forbidden City, Jingshan Hill, Beihai and etc.The photographs are mainly based on the architectural form and space combination sequence, but in the records of Taihe palace and the Hall of Raising Silkworms, Siren began to pay attention to the construction of the interior decoration of Chinese traditional architecture.(Figure3)

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Interior space photos shot by Siren Before and after 20th Century, Japanese scholars took the decoration of Chinese traditional architecture as the focus of the investigation, and took many photos of interior decoration.(Xu, 1999) For example, "The Imperial City of Peking China "(1906) published a total of 172 photos, including 34 pieces of interior decoration photos.From the recorded content, photos focus on the result of interior space, but a few photos have begun to focus on the interior decoration and its motif decoration.(Figure 4)

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.The Langanzhao of Jingfu Palace2.3Structure RecordThe interior decoration structure of Jingfu Palace mainly includes two parts: mortise and tenon structure and cloud nail structure.Use the way of drawing sketches, photographs to record the Jingfu Palace interior decoration mortise and tenon form and dimension information, and through software modeling method to complete the the three-dimensional record of mortise and tenon structure.(Figure14) The dimension information of the cloud nail structure is recorded by the method of drawing sketch, and the form information is recorded by extension sampling and shooting the positive photograph.(Figure15)

Table 1 .
The part of interior decoration legend of Shendetang

Table 2 .
The part of western scholars investigated China in the early 20th Century