THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG USER , ACTIVITY AND SPACE OF STREET FURNITURE PLACED AT KANUNI CAMPUS-KARADENIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

The purpose of this study, 2369 street furniture at the campus mentioned to the thesis study named “Generating a GIS-Based Campus Street Furniture Information System (YEDBIS): Example of Kanuni Campus Karadeniz Technical University” are to question the harmony statuses of space form, actual activity in space, space size, natural materials used space, usage density of space, surface materials of space, users, and the other of them. The harmony statuses of the street furniture were fixed by observation works and field determinations at the campus. Findings obtained observations were recorded to identification cards by writing “0” value for disharmony, “1” value for partly harmony and “2” value for harmony. Then, the data were analyzed in YEDBIS, which is based on GIS. Then, the data were analyzed in YEDBIS, which is based on GIS, by using ArcMap 10.0 programme. However, due to the absence of web support generated for the YEDBIS, with current data querying and analysis of this data was carried out only in a computer where YEDBIS is located. The results of the analysis indicates that 2369 street furniture were found to be disharmony with space form, with surface materials of space, with natural materials used space and with other street furniture in space, and to be partly harmony actual activity in space, space size, usage density of space and users. Also, the regions and nearby around of the buildings at the campus where were disharmony, partly harmony and harmony of the street furniture were established by using YEDBIS. * Corresponding author


INTRODUCTION
Human beings are in need of artificial environment, as well as the natural environment, in the areas they live in.Street furniture, which is actually made up of artificial materials, play an equally important role in composition of the man-made environment beside plants, the natural elements of the environment (Kurdoğlu et. al., 2013).A space is supposed to meet the physical, physiological and psychological needs of its users in order to be preferable and perdurable for the users (Aksu et. al., 2011).Elements of street furniture make the urban spaces they are placed in more habitable and perceivable, and establish a visual and physical bond between the user and the city.They generate a common language by integrating with their surroundings (Bayraktar et. al., 2008).Apart from its implementation in planning and organization of urban living spaces, street furniture is also exploited in gaining an identity for the city (Kurt & Cındık, 2013).In order to meet social, cultural and recreational needs of users and to satisfy their needs in an healthier way, on the other hand, street furniture should be in harmony with the spaces where it is placed, activities held in these spaces and the users of such spaces (Çelik, 2015).Utilization style and intensity of urban spaces and the street furniture contained within these spaces depict the socioeconomic and cultural status, habits, tastes and aesthetic levels of their users (Yurdugüzel, 2013).The criteria that can cause changes in design and affect the taste of the potential user are; being compatible with color, material and the environment, having measure-rate balance and functional suitability, and being different, impressive, interesting, flamboyant, original, meaningful and symbolic (Aksu, 2012).Besides, they must be designed taking into account the ergonomic features that will not limit the user nor hinder the users" privacy (Bekçi and Taşkan, 2012).Functional and aesthetic characteristics (lines, dimension, form, color, texture etc.) of the street furniture and anthropometric measurement criteria must also be considered in the design process, and they should also be perceivable (Ghorab and Yücel Caymaz, 2015).University campuses, where educational and scientific studies are conducted, also make use of street furniture to enhance the quality of life of their students and personnel, and to meet their social, cultural and recreational needs (Çelik, 2015).Harmony of the elements of street furniture placed within Karadeniz Technical University (KTU) -Kanuni Campus with the form of the space, activities held in the given space, size of the space, natural materials used in the space, intensity of utilization of the space, artificial materials used in the space, users of the space and other elements of street furniture are investigated in the current study.Geographical Information System (GIS), which is a computer-based system that presents the necessary actual and detailed data in a rapid and secure way along with spatial and statistical analyses and enables easy access to required source of information, was exploited for the sake of investigation.Data concerning the street furniture in the area of study were recorded by generating ArcMap 10.0 GIS based Campus Street Furniture Information System (YEDBIS).Due to the absence of web support generated for the YEDBIS, with current data querying and analysis of this data was carried out only in a computer where YEDBIS is located.YEDBIS is not integrated with other GIS based work in this state.

Study Area
The area of study constitutes an area of 89.875 m2 on Karadeniz Technical University Kanuni Campus located in Trabzon (Figure 1).Rector"s Office and its surroundings, all Institutes and their surroundings, all faculties and their surroundings, Higher School of Foreign Languages, surroundings of Research Centers, sports venues, nearby areas of Atatürk Cultural Center, Prof. Dr. Osman Turan Cultural and Convention Center and all other social facilities were included within the scope of the study.However, some areas in the campus could be incorporated into the operating limits.Faculty of Medicine and its surroundings, continues the independent nature of the work and the campus landscape was formed due to participate in the study.Due to construction if the new Higher School of Foreign Languages building and its surroundings create the risk of accidents at work it is likely to take part in the study.It is currently under construction, and because of security concerns, the residence of the Rector and its surroundings were left out of the research study.The elements of street furniture (lighting elements, signboards and information boards, sitting elements, artistic objects, water elements, roofing elements, rubbish bins, advertising signboards and billboards, public transportation stops and flower beds) placed in and around all the buildings and social spaces comprised the main material of the current study.
Figure 1.The borders of the study area.

Method
The positional data of 400 pieces of street furniture, walls, roads, stairs and campus buildings acquired from the base of the Scientific Research Project: "A Research on Generating "The Information System Model of Natural and Artificial Landscape Materials of Universities" in Karadeniz Technical University Campus Example" (BAP-2, 1171 No) conducted by Kurdoğlu et al. (2012) and Kurdoglu et al. (2015) in GIS environment were used in the current study.First of all, positional and nonpositional data of 2369 pieces of street furniture on the above mentioned base and their harmony status attained through onsite observation were recorded on separate identity cards (Figure 2).The criteria that street furniture is supposed to meet in terms of dimension, color, material, function and position were determined in accordance with the standards put forward by Halprin (1963), Husain (1972), Uzun (1997), Yaylalı (1998), Kaya (2001), Uzun (2002), Öner Bilen ( 2004), Yörük et al., (2006), Yücel (2006), Bulut et al., (2008), Güremen (2011), Önder et al., (2012) and Hastürk (2013).
While recording the harmony status of the elements of street furniture on respective identity cards, they were scored based on the following criteria:  Form and harmony; the stylistic (square, rectangular, triangle, circle, ellipse, polygon) harmony between the element of street furniture and space upon inspection of street furniture and the space they are placed in,  Activity and harmony; implementation of the element of street furniture in proportion with the space it is placed in (big furniture-small space, big space inadequate furniture etc.) and harmony in terms of capacity of meeting the needs.
 Harmony with natural material; harmony between the element of street furniture and the natural materials (trees, bushes, ground covers, natural stones etc.) located in the space where it is placed in terms of limiting-hindering one another,  Harmony with intensity of utilization; harmony in terms of the capacity of the element of street furniture to meet the intensity of utilization in the respective space,  Harmony with artificial material; harmony between the element of street furniture and the structures (stairs, walls, buildings etc.) located around them,  Harmony with user; harmony of the element of street furniture in respect to ergonomic and anthropometric standards of its users,  Harmony with other pieces of street furniture; harmony of the given street furniture with other pieces of street furniture in terms of dimensions, color, material, function and position.During the observation process, the harmony scores of the elements of street furniture were recorded on their respective ID cards as 0 if one element is inharmonious, 1 if is partially harmonious, and 2 in the case of full harmony.The data processing of the ID card, which is then entered into YEDBIS based GIS using ArcMap 10.0 programme.However, due to the absence of web support generated for the YEDBIS, with current data querying and analysis ("Frequency", "Intersect" and "Buffer") of this data was carried out only in a computer where YEDBIS is located.

Findings
In this section, the findings obtained from all of the abovementioned urban equipment compability were analyzed on YEDBIS in accordance with the standards identified by Kurdoğlu et al. (2012) (Table 1).According to the data acquired from YEDBIS, it was found out that the sitting elements, picnic tables, water elements and roofing elements are harmonious; lighting elements are partially harmonious, and signboards and information boards, artistic objects, rubbish bins, public transportation stops, advertising signboards and billboards, and flower beds are mostly inharmonious.
Intersect and buffer analyses run on YEDBIS data revealed that the 22.73% of lighting elements that are inharmonious with the activity are placed around the boys" dormitory, 13.Mapping of each element of street furniture in terms of all the harmony criteria is also possible through YEDBIS.As an example of the maps created in this way, the map showing the fully harmonious, partially harmonious and inharmonious rubbish bins and containers with their users is presented in Figure 3.It was found out that most of the rubbish bins and containers in the campus area are partially harmonious with users.
Figure 3. Harmony between Rubbish Bins and Users.

Discussion
Form, which is defined as the structure of a whole, prescribes function, dimensions and material.Form should be determined suitable for the function and service attributed to street furniture, and they should be designed for the purpose of any element of street furniture (Arcan and Evci, 1992).In their study relating the street furniture in Antalya, Olgun and Yılmaz (2013) pointed out the existence of street furniture that was designed without taking into account anthropometric measurements, as well as inharmonious designs.In the study conducted on KTU Kanuni Campus, it was also revealed that most of street furniture -except for sitting elements, water elements and roofing elements, are inharmonious.Material is one of the components that affect design of the street furniture.Material used in the making of street furniture helps portray the functionality of the piece in the most appropriate way (Aksu, 2012).Materials that stimulate human beings psychologically induce the feeling of peace and comfort, creativity and imagination, impetus and safety.Artificial materials, on the other hand, contribute to the modern perception of the space (Dascula, 2011).Bulut et al. (2008) found out in the study they conducted in the city center of Erzurum that ergonomic concerns were not taken into account in preference of materials while implementing street furniture.
In the study they did in Uzun Sokak area in Trabzon, Bayramoğlu and Özdemir (2012) revealed that street furniture did not constitute a harmonious whole with the environment they are surrounded by, and resolved that harmony with the natural environment had not been considered in the first place.
In the current study, it was detected that only water elements are harmonious with natural and artificial materials, but rest of the street furniture used in the campus area is inharmonious.
In their study on the street furniture located in open green spaces in Bartın, Bekçi and Taşkan (2012) concluded that users perceived other street furniture inharmonious to one another.In the study conducted on the street furniture in Ankara by Sakal (2007), it was stressed that the harmony between the elements of street furniture was lost due to the fact that different landscape plans were implemented over time.In the current study conducted on KTU Kanuni Campus, it was concluded that items of street furniture are mostly partially-harmonious with other street furniture.Gülemen (2011) found in the study he conducted in Ziya Paşa Avenue and Atatürk Avenue in Amasya that the street furniture placed in these sites could not bear the load of intensive usage of the spaces, that they hindered users and they were not harmonious with the intensity of usage.In the current study, too, it was found out that the street furniture used here is not harmonious with the intensity of usage, but it is mostly harmonious with the users.

CONCLUSION
According to the inquiries and analyses conducted on YEDBIS, it was observed thatof 2369 items of street furniture located within the campus area-76.66% is inharmonious with the form of the space, 89.78% is inharmonious with the artificial materials used in the space and 76.66% is not harmonious with the natural materials of the space.It was detected that 65.75% of it is partially-harmonious with the activities held in the space, while other partial-harmony figures are 60.35% for the size of the space, 67.40% for the intensity of usage, 66.17% for the users of the space, and 56.97% for other elements of street furniture located in the same space.In the light of the analyses made, findings on whether the street furniture located within Karadeniz Technical University Kanuni Campus area are harmonious with the form of the space, materials used, natural materials and other items of street furniture placed in the same place were further illustrated.As it was done in the current study, other evaluations for problems and possible solutions that are deemed necessary in terms planning could be illustrated directly on YEDBIS.Most data that may be needed during landscape planning and design processes for campus areas could easily be stored, analyzed and subsequently presented thanks to YEDBIS.Master plans that include street furniture should be prepared for campuses, and the items of street furniture should be placed within the campus area in accordance with a planning and design process.Mass produced standard street furniture should not be randomly fitted around the spaces.Depending on the intended user of a given space and the activities they will enable, street furniture should comply with the standards in terms of such features as form, dimensions, material, vegetation and other street furniture.
64% were around YURT-KUR Directorate; 33.33% of the inharmonious signboards are located near the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences; 23.33% of the inharmonious rubbish bins are placed around the Faculty of Law and 21.43% of them are around the Department of Health, Culture and Sports.22.22% of lighting elements that are inharmonious with the user are placed around the boys" dormitory, 13.33% are around YURT-KUR Directorate; 28.57% of inharmonious rubbish bins are around the Higher School of Foreign Languages and 21.43% of them are located near the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences.It was observed that 25.00% of lighting elements that are inharmonious with the natural materials used in the same space are located around the boys" dormitory, 15.00% are around YURT-KUR Directorate, 10% are around the Higher School of Foreign Languages, 10% are around the Department of Health, Culture and Sports, and 10% are in close proximity to the Faculty of Topographical Engineering.31.58% of the inharmonious flowerbeds, on the other hand, are located around Faik Ahmet Barutçu Library, 13.16% are around the Higher School of Foreign Languages, 13.16% are around the building of Student Affairs and 13.16% are around the Department of Health, Culture and Sports.

Table 1 .
The Percentages of the YEDBIS Analysis Results of the Respective Elements of Street Furniture.