A FRAMEWORK FOR CAPACITY BUILDING IN MAPPING COASTAL RESOURCES USING REMOTE SENSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

Remote sensing has been an effective technology in mapping natural resources by reducing the costs and field data gathering time and bringing in timely information. With the launch of several earth observation satellites, an increase in the availability of satellite imageries provides an immense selection of data for the users. The Philippines has recently embarked in a program which will enable the gathering of LiDAR data in the whole country. The capacity of the Philippines to take advantage of these advancements and opportunities is lacking. There is a need to transfer the knowledge of remote sensing technology to other institutions to better utilize the available data. Being an archipelagic country with approximately 36,000 kilometers of coastline, and most of its people depending on its coastal resources, remote sensing is an optimal choice in mapping such resources. A project involving fifteen (15) state universities and colleges and higher education institutions all over the country headed by the University of the Philippines Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry and funded by the Department of Science and Technology was formed to carry out the task of capacity building in mapping the country’s coastal resources using LiDAR and other remotely sensed datasets. This paper discusses the accomplishments and the future activities of the project.


INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background
The Philippines is an archipelagic country with approximately 7,100 islands and 36,000 kilometers of coastline.Many of its people depend on coastal resources for daily necessities such as food.Due to population growth and industrialization, the coastal environment and its resources are being threatened.Integrated management is widely recognized as the basis for sustainable use and to achieve this, an evaluation and mapping of the resources is needed.Inventory of these resources provide important baseline data for resource management which can help in decision making in planning and development.Using the traditional method of field sampling to map these resources will be too difficult, time consuming and expensive.With the latest technologies such as remote sensing, mapping the coastal resources of the Philippines is not too farfetched.Unfortunately, the expertise to use such technology is concentrated in a few areas in the country.14) state universities (SUCs) and higher education institutions (HEIs) all over the country to achieve its objectives.The program is designed to be implemented for three (3) years starting from the 3 rd quarter of 2014 to the 2 nd quarter of 2017.

Objectives of the Project
The main objective of Phil-LiDAR 2 Project 2 -Aquatic Resources Extraction from LiDAR Surveys (CoastMap) is to map the high valued coastal resources such as benthic habitats, mangroves and aquaculture of the Philippines.To be able to do that, different workflows were developed, tested, and assessed for extraction of such resources using LiDAR and other remotely sensed datasets for pilot sites which will then be applied to other images covering the whole country.Another objective of the project is capacity building.The CoastMap team was tasked to conduct trainings on basic remote sensing and GIS to the fifteen (14) partner SUCs and HEIs, cascade the workflows the team developed and monitor their progress.Each partner was tasked to map the coastal areas near their campuses (Figure 1).

Project Team
The lead team from UP TCAGP is composed of one (1) Project Leader (PL), three (3) Project Support Staff (PSS), eight (8) Science Research Specialists (SRS) and one (1) Project Development Officer (PDO).The 3 PSS have different tasks, one is for technical, one for administrative and one from a government agency which is the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR).The PDO is dedicated to do all the administrative works of the project while all the SRS are tasked to do the research, mentoring and monitoring of the SUCs and HEIs.

Project Workflow
The project started with hiring of manpower and procurement of the necessary equipment.After being hired, the researchers then continued with a comprehensive review of related literatures while the project leader headed the coordination meetings with concerned agencies and offices such as the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), Bureau of Biodiversity and Management (BMB) and BFAR and also with the partner SUCs and HEIs.Secondary data were gathered from other institutions such as the Department of Natural Resources (DENR) and University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UP MSI).Algorithms and workflows to extract coastal resources from LiDAR and other remotely sensed data were then developed.These workflows were cascaded to the SUCs and HEIs.The researchers visit each partner university for the mentoring sessions.The partner universities were also invited for group trainings at the UP TCAGP.Each university conduct their own internal trainings to capacitate their staff with the knowledge they learned from the trainings.
The partner SUC and HEIs process their own set of data and do fieldwork in their study areas.All their output is sent to UP TCAGP for quality assessment and checking.

Development of Workflows and Algorithms
During the project's first 6 months, it was able to develop the following methods for its objectives: object-based image analysis for benthic habitat mapping using LiDAR derivatives, object-based image analysis for extracting aquaculture classes using LiDAR datasets, object-based image analysis for extracting mangroves using LiDAR and orthophoto datasets (Figure 3), extraction of coastal aquaculture features (fish ponds, fish pens, fish cages extraction) from high resolution WorldView-2 satellite images using object-oriented approach, object-based image analysis for benthic habitat mapping using high resolution WorldView-2 satellite images and mangrove mapping from Landsat images.
The remainder of the project's first year was dedicated for refinement and updating of workflows and also for developing new workflow such as object-based image analysis of benthic habitat classification using fusion of high resolution images (WorldView-2) and LiDAR point cloud data, mangrove mapping in coastal environment using multispectral imagery and LiDAR data, mapping of coastal fish pens and fish cages though object-based image analysis of Lidar data and its derivatives, integration of LiDAR and WorldView-2 image for the extraction of coastal aquaculture features (fish ponds, fish pens, fish cages extraction) using object-oriented approach and pixel-based image analysis for benthic habitat mapping using Landsat 8 satellite imagery.

Field Surveys
In the extraction of coastal resources from remotely sensed data, field surveys to collect training and validation points are done in order to calibrate the classification processes and validate the resulting maps.The ground data collected aids in the assessment of the quality of the extracted information.
The UPD CoastMap team employs various methods of field data collection in order to produce detailed maps of the coastal resources.Included in these methods are ocular inspections, GPS location sampling, and underwater video tows.
Some field surveys are jointly conducted by the UPD team and the partner university.This is carried out to train other researchers on data gathering and for validation purposes as well.

Training and Mentoring Sessions
During the 1 st year of implementation of the project, the partner SUCs and HEIs were taught the basics of remote sensing and the initial workflows developed by the project which includes LiDAR, WorldView-2 and Landsat preprocessing and extraction of coastal resources using object oriented image analysis and pixel based classification.Two (2) or more researchers from the UPD CoastMap visited each university to lecture and mentor researchers from the partner institutions.

Monitoring of SUCs and HEIs
After mentoring sessions, monitoring activities are conducted to evaluate each SUC's progress in meeting the project's objectives and targets.Included in the checklist of items for monitoring are: status of equipment procurement (hardware and software), quality and type of available datasets processed, status of field data collection (training and validation datasets), applicability of workplans/targets set and adherence to the standards processing workflow

Coordination with Concerned Agencies
One of the objectives of the project is to develop high resolution and high accuracy maps of coastal resources nationwide.In order to attain this goal, included in the project's targets are the coordination with concerned offices and the collection of secondary data.Coordination with concerned government offices is necessary to ensure that jurisdictions of these agencies within the study areas are recognized, such as in the mapping of aquaculture resources or the conduct of field surveys within marine protected areas.The meetings with identified government agencies are also essential in order to discuss data availability and set up collaborations to address data and information gaps.
The project also held trainings for the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) on the basics of remote sensing and hands on processing of WorldView-2 data for mapping of coastal resources.

Trainings and Conferences
Trainings are attended by project members to continuously update the project's technical knowledge base.The introduction of new processing methods is essential in the development or refinements in the project's workflows.One of those activities is the Airborne Hyperspectral CASI (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager) Imaging Training.
The project also sends representatives to conferences held both locally and abroad to present the project and papers on the different workflows developed.This is to highlight the   3. Conferences attended by the UPD CoastMap Team

FUTURE PLANS
The coordination with agencies and monitoring of partner SUCs and HEIs is constant until the end of the project.Excellent communication between concerned individuals is crucial for the success of the project.

Maps Turnover
The project has already turned over coastal resources maps to the concerned local government units (LGUs) and government institutions.Printed maps along with their corresponding shapefiles were handed over during the map turnover ceremonies.The 1 st turnover was held last December 2015 and the target is to deliver coastal resource maps every quarter of the year until the end of the project.

WebGIS Development
The Phil-LiDAR 2 CoastMap is also tasked to collate all the project outputs from the different SUCs and HEIs.To facilitate this activity, a web-based application with GIS capability is being developed that will cater the transfer of processed data between CoastMap UP Diliman and partner SUCs.Not only will the WebGIS serve as a platform for the inventory of output layers, but also as a repository of all other documents such as processing manuals and fieldwork data.
The project has acquired a server-grade machine that will be used as both web and data server.Transfer, storage and retrieval of documents will be done via secured File Transfer Protocol.On the other hand, inventory, uploading, downloading, and publishing of output layers will be handled by a homedeveloped web GIS application based on a fast growing platform called Geonode.Geonode is a python-based web application platform with built-in GIS capability.Being patterned from Django development, Geonode will make use of every existing python libraries necessary in building a secured web application with rich user experience and sensible data flow with integrated GIS functionality.
The machine has already been set-up at the UP TCAGP and ongoing developments on the web GIS application are being done.

Vulnerability Assessment
The outputs of the project, which includes detailed maps of the coastal features, can be used as basis for the nationwide vulnerability assessment of these resources.With this in mind, the project has started the initial research on the Vulnerability Assessment of coastal resources.It aims to assess the vulnerability of coastal features such as Corals, Seagrass, Mangorves and Aquaculture areas to meteorological, anthropogenic and climate change hazards.Currently, an indicator-based method that can be implemented in a GIS platform is being developed.

The
University of the Philippines Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (UP TCAGP) funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) initially embarked in the Disaster Risk and Exposure Assessment for Mitigation (DREAM) Program to use LiDAR data to create highly accurate Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the country for flood modelling.This program has four (4) projects under it: Data Acquisition, Data Processing, Data Validation and Flood Modelling.For 2 years the program captured LiDAR data using two (2) topographic and one (1) bathymetric LiDAR across flood plains and major river basins all over the country.Because of the success of the DREAM Program, the DOST realized the capability of LiDAR data, thus, the Phil-LiDAR Programs were born.The Phil-LiDAR is composed of two (2) programs.Phil-LiDAR 1 is the extension of the DREAM program while the Phil-LiDAR 2 is the Nationwide Detailed Resources Assessment Using LiDAR.Under the Phil-LiDAR 2 program are 5 projects and one of them is the Aquatic Resources Extraction from LiDAR Surveys (CoastMap).The program headed by the UP Diliman (UPD) Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry (TCAGP) partnered with fourteen (

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Sample Benthic Habitat Map of Manicani Island, Guiuan, Eastern Samar from LiDAR data

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Sample workflow for extracting mangroves using LiDAR and orthophoto datasets

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Field Data and Image Processing Lecture at the National Engineering Center, UP Diliman The 14 partners are Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU), Isabela State University (ISU), Central Luzon State University (CLSU), Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT), University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB), Ateneo de Naga University (ADNU), University of the Philippines Cebu (UP Cebu), University of San Carlos (USC), Visayas State University (VSU), Ateneo de Zamboanga University (ADZU), Central Mindanao University (CMU), Mindanao State University -Illigan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), UP Mindanao (UP Min) and Caraga State University (CSU).

Table 2 .
Schedule of monitoring sessions country's progress in terms of science and technology, particularly in the fields of geomatics and remote sensing.