Risk management support through India Remote Sensing Satellites

Remote Sensing along with Geographical Information System (GIS) has been proven as a very important tools for the monitoring of the Earth resources and the detection of its temporal variations. A variety of operational National applications in the fields of Crop yield estimation , flood monitoring, forest fire detection, landslide and land cover variations were shown in the last 25 years using the Remote Sensing data. The technology has proven very useful for risk management like by mapping of flood inundated areas identifying of escape routes and for identifying the locations of temporary housing or a-posteriori evaluation of damaged areas etc. The demand and need for Remote Sensing satellite data for such applications has increased tremendously. This can be attributed to the technology adaptation and also the happening of disasters due to the global climate changes or the urbanization. However, the real-time utilization of remote sensing data for emergency situations is still a difficult task because of the lack of a dedicated system (constellation) of satellites providing a day-to-day revisit of any area on the globe. The need of the day is to provide satellite data with the shortest delay. Tasking the satellite to product dissemination to the user is to be done in few hours. Indian Remote Sensing satellites with a range of resolutions from 1km to 1m has been supporting disasters both National & International. In this paper, an attempt has been made to describe the expected performance and limitations of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites available for risk management applications, as well as an analysis of future systems Cartosat-2D, 2E ,Resourcesat-2R &RISAT-1A. This paper also attempts to describe the criteria of satellite selection for programming for the purpose of risk management with a special emphasis on planning RISAT-1(SAR sensor). INTRODUCTION ISRO has launched several satellites with multi sensors. Each sensor has a capability to provide the information of the surface of earth spatially and spectrally. These are unique information about the properties of the earth surface the land topography and the shallow waters. The satellites systems considered are optical and Radar. The Optical satellite systems considered here are , Resourcesat-2 , Oceansat-2 , Cartosat-2 & Cartosat-1. The Radar satellite considered is RISAT-1. Earth observational optical systems are passive sensors, operating in the visible spectrum (0.4μ -0.7μ) near infrared (0.8 μ to 0.9 μ) and (1.5 μ1.8μ) medium infrared. These measurements of easily interpretable but have the impact of the atmospheric conditions. Moreover whenever Cyclones , floods , forest fires , volcano’s occur they are always accompanied with either clouds or thick smoke. This reduces the utilization of optical sensors operationally for disasters RADAR sensors are active instruments they are independent of the sun illumination allowing both ascending and descending orbits for image acquisitions. High sensitivity to roughness and humidity also allows to retrieve different physical parameters compared to the optical sensors. The fact that they are “all weather” capable makes Radar sensors operational in emergency context. For the context of emergency the revisit time and appropriate resolutions are very important parameters to be considered. For example Oceansat-2 which has a receptivity of 2 days cover the area every alternate day and gives a synoptic view of the area in 8 narrow spectral bands. This can be used for monitoring at broad level. In case of AWIFS we can look at the same area on every fifth day , with a resolution of 56 m and 12 bit radiometry. This helps in the flood inundations, effected area mapping and also monitoring at regular intervals. RISAT-1 can view the area every 2/3 days. These satellites if planned and data is made available to users in timely manner, gives lot of information to the decision makers to manage and allocate the resources. 1.1 Current Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) constellation of satellites: The IRS optical and microwave satellites can be operated in multimode’s. Resourcesat-2 has three sensors allowing imaging at a resolution of 5.8m to 56m , Cartosat-1 can be operated in 2 modes , either stereo or wide. The Wide mode gives the advantage of covering larger area ~ 56km with 2.5m resolution. Cartosat-2 can be operated in Spot mode / strip mode or paint brush mode. The paint brush mode gives the maximum area coverage of 27*27 sq km. RISAT-1 can be operated in four modes , FRS -1 FRS-2 , CRS and MRS. The resolution ranges The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014 ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India This contribution has been peer-reviewed. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014 1 from 3 m to 50m. On demand the satellite can high resolution data of 1m for 10*100 sq km. Following table gives the details of the satellites revisit capabilities available for Risk Management. Table


INTRODUCTION
ISRO has launched several satellites with multi sensors.Each sensor has a capability to provide the information of the surface of earth spatially and spectrally.These are unique information about the properties of the earth surface the land topography and the shallow waters.The satellites systems considered are optical and Radar.The Optical satellite systems considered here are , Resourcesat-2 , Oceansat-2 , Cartosat-2 & Cartosat-1.The Radar satellite considered is RISAT-1.Earth observational optical systems are passive sensors, operating in the visible spectrum (0.4µ -0.7µ) near infrared (0.8 µ to 0.9 µ) and (1.5 µ-1.8µ) medium infrared.These measurements of easily interpretable but have the impact of the atmospheric conditions.Moreover whenever Cyclones , floods , forest fires , volcano's occur they are always accompanied with either clouds or thick smoke.This reduces the utilization of optical sensors operationally for disasters RADAR sensors are active instruments they are independent of the sun illumination allowing both ascending and descending orbits for image acquisitions.High sensitivity to roughness and humidity also allows to retrieve different physical parameters compared to the optical sensors.The fact that they are "all weather" capable makes Radar sensors operational in emergency context.
For the context of emergency the revisit time and appropriate resolutions are very important parameters to be considered.For example Oceansat-2 which has a receptivity of 2 days cover the area every alternate day and gives a synoptic view of the area in 8 narrow spectral bands.This can be used for monitoring at broad level.In case of AWIFS we can look at the same area on every fifth day , with a resolution of 56 m and 12 bit radiometry.This helps in the flood inundations, effected area mapping and also monitoring at regular intervals.RISAT-1 can view the area every 2/3 days.These satellites if planned and data is made available to users in timely manner, gives lot of information to the decision makers to manage and allocate the resources.

Current Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) constellation of satellites:
The IRS optical and microwave satellites can be operated in multimode's.
Resourcesat-2 has three sensors allowing imaging at a resolution of 5.8m to 56m , Cartosat-1 can be operated in 2 modes , either stereo or wide.The Wide mode gives the advantage of covering larger area ~ 56km with 2.5m resolution.Cartosat-2 can be operated in Spot mode / strip mode or paint brush mode.The paint brush mode gives the maximum area coverage of 27*27 sq km.RISAT-1 can be operated in four modes , FRS -1 FRS-2 , CRS and MRS.The resolution ranges from 3 m to 50m.On demand the satellite can high resolution data of 1m for 10*100 sq km.Following table gives the details of the satellites revisit capabilities available for Risk Management.Table NO  1   2   3   4   5 The acquisitions & planning for the purpose of damage a and new acquisitions plays an essential role.We have also pr existing operational satellites and the time lines achieved.A study has been made as to how frequently a given area can be covered with the existing IRS satellite constellations.The adequacy of the satellites is also worked out as the management needs continuous monitoring of disaster areas which then clashes with the National projects needs.The analysis show that it will be only with the launch of a dedicated constellation of sate rada operationalising the services for risk monitoring.

1.2
In an operational plan and a long term pl and the short term plan is to request requests.

Following are th
The long term planning gathers all the user requests and calculates the freezes the are archives.

Figure:
from 3 m to 50m.On demand the satellite can high resolution data of 1m for 10*100 sq km.Following table gives the details of the satellites revisit capabilities available for Risk Management.The acquisitions & planning for the purpose of damage assessment is very critical as the matching between archives and new acquisitions plays an essential role.We have also presented few case studies to show the cap existing operational satellites and the time lines achieved.A study has been made as to how frequently a given area can be covered with the existing IRS satellite constellations.The adequacy of the satellites is also worked out as the management needs continuous monitoring of disaster areas which then clashes with the National projects needs.The analysis show that it will be only with the launch of a dedicated constellation of sate radar acquisition with high repeat frequencies will help in operationalising the services for risk monitoring.

Acquisition planning strategy for risk management
In an operational plan and a long term pl and the short term plan is to request.The long term plan also takes care of the requests.The acquisitions & planning for the purpose of damage sessment is very critical as the matching between archives and new acquisitions plays an essential role.We have also sented few case studies to show the cap existing operational satellites and the time lines achieved.A study has been made as to how frequently a given area can be covered with the existing IRS satellite constellations.The adequacy of the satellites is also worked out as the management needs continuous monitoring of disaster areas which then clashes with the National projects needs.The analysis show that it will be only with the launch of a dedicated constellation of satellites which allow simultaneous optical and r acquisition with high repeat frequencies will help in operationalising the services for risk monitoring.

Acquisition planning strategy for risk management
In an operational scenario all the satellites have a short term plan and a long term plan.The long term plan is at weekly level and the short term plan is to accommodate .The long term plan also takes care of the The acquisitions & planning for the purpose of damage sessment is very critical as the matching between archives and new acquisitions plays an essential role.We have also sented few case studies to show the cap existing operational satellites and the time lines achieved.A study has been made as to how frequently a given area can be covered with the existing IRS satellite constellations.The adequacy of the satellites is also worked out as the management needs continuous monitoring of disaster areas which then clashes with the National projects needs.The analysis show that it will be only with the launch of a dedicated ch allow simultaneous optical and r acquisition with high repeat frequencies will help in operationalising the services for risk monitoring.

Acquisition planning strategy for risk management
all the satellites have a short term an.The long term plan is at weekly level accommodate any change or .The long term plan also takes care of the e modes of planning the requests The long term planning gathers all the user requests and the time left for some more operations and collections.This helps us in building up The acquisitions & planning for the purpose of damage sessment is very critical as the matching between archives and new acquisitions plays an essential role.We have also sented few case studies to show the capabilities of the existing operational satellites and the time lines achieved.A study has been made as to how frequently a given area can be covered with the existing IRS satellite constellations.The adequacy of the satellites is also worked out as the risk management needs continuous monitoring of disaster areas which then clashes with the National projects needs.The analysis show that it will be only with the launch of a dedicated ch allow simultaneous optical and r acquisition with high repeat frequencies will help in operationalising the services for risk monitoring.

Acquisition planning strategy for risk management
all the satellites have a short term an.The long term plan is at weekly level any change or urgent .The long term plan also takes care of the advance e modes of planning the requests The long term planning gathers all the user requests and the time left for some more operations and us in building up be operated to get 1 gives the details of the satellites revisit capabilities available for cending cending cending cending cending The acquisitions & planning for the purpose of damage sessment is very critical as the matching between archives and new acquisitions plays an essential role.We have also abilities of the existing operational satellites and the time lines achieved.A study has been made as to how frequently a given area can be covered with the existing IRS satellite constellations.The risk management needs continuous monitoring of disaster areas which then clashes with the National projects needs.The analysis show that it will be only with the launch of a dedicated ch allow simultaneous optical and r acquisition with high repeat frequencies will help in all the satellites have a short term an.The long term plan is at weekly level urgent advance The long term planning gathers all the user requests and the time left for some more operations and us in building up During emergen plan will be overruled and the new request needs to be introduced.The request can be schedules are not released the emergency will be included and the schedules will be generated.from an authorized login as shown in the flow chart

Flow chart
Three cases arise for an emergency request.
1.During emergencies all the long term plan and the short term will be overruled and the new request needs to be duced.The request can be dules are not released the emergency will be included and the schedules will be generated.
authorized login as shown in the flow chart all the long term plan and the short term will be overruled and the new request needs to be duced.The request can be triggered at any time, if the dules are not released the emergency will be included and the schedules will be generated.

Figure :
With this the following are the feasibilities on given point of interest A typical case study of a point with RISAT 15 th Nov to 25th Nov continuous again on 24 nodes.On possibility.
The opportunities with Resourcesat Nov.
Similarly if we generate Cartosat-2.It is observed that Cartosat opportunities of collections on 18 are not phased collection opportunities o becomes a disadvantage and reduces the total number of opportunities.Therefore the opportunity of collec than a day.

Current status
Remote Sensing satellites of floods , hurricanes , earthquakes volcano eruptions , oil spill etc and also helps in prediction of Drought af provide information on have the problem of cloud when it comes to the optical sensors therefore the analysis of such kind of risk management / disa management is more and more depending upon the micr satellites.
Most of the risk management given area for assessment and relief activities.The problem needs to be addressed in two parts, one is when the data is for other than Indian visibility and the data within Indian visibility cone.When the we need to consider that a country like India which is very much in the use of Remote Sensing data needs data for its National projects like Crop estimation, Irrigation related , waste A typical case study of a point with RISAT Nov to 25th Nov 2014 shows that the opportunities are nuous from 16 th to 1 again on 24 th and 25th using both Ascending and Descending nodes.On 18 th and 19 th bility.The opportunities with Resourcesat Similarly if we generate 2. It is observed that Cartosat opportunities of collections on 18 are not phased, in certain cases Cartosat collection opportunities o becomes a disadvantage and reduces the total number of opportunities.Therefore when coupled with the optical sate opportunity of collec than a day.

Current status
Remote Sensing satellites of floods , hurricanes , earthquakes volcano eruptions , oil spill etc and also helps in prediction of Drought af provide information on water contamination etc.Most of these e the problem of cloud when it comes to the optical sensors therefore the analysis of such kind of risk management / disa management is more and more depending upon the micr Most of the risk management given area for assessment and relief activities.The problem needs to be addressed in two parts, one is when the data is for other than Indian visibility and the data within Indian visibility cone.When the area within Indian visibility cone is asked for to consider that a country like India which is very much in the use of Remote Sensing data needs data for its tional projects like Crop estimation, Irrigation related , waste in certain cases Cartosat-1 & Catosat collection opportunities on the same day.This becomes a disadvantage and reduces the total number of when coupled with the optical sate opportunity of collections are on a daily basis but not less Remote Sensing satellites support in mapping the of floods , hurricanes , earthquakes volcano eruptions , oil spill etc and also helps in prediction of Drought af water contamination etc.Most of these e the problem of cloud when it comes to the optical sensors therefore the analysis of such kind of risk management / disa management is more and more depending upon the micr Most of the risk management need continuous monitoring of a given area for assessment and relief activities.The problem needs to be addressed in two parts, one is when the data is for other than Indian visibility and the data within Indian visibility within Indian visibility cone is asked for to consider that a country like India which is very much in the use of Remote Sensing data needs data for its tional projects like Crop estimation, Irrigation related , waste this the following are the feasibilities on given point of A typical case study of a point with RISAT-1 for a period of 2014 shows that the opportunities are and then from 20 th to 22 using both Ascending and Descending no possibility again on 23 2 are on 18 th Nov and 23 the opportunities of Cartosat 1 & Cartosat-2 have the Nov 2014.As these sate 1 & Catosat-2 have the n the same day.This som becomes a disadvantage and reduces the total number of when coupled with the optical sate tions are on a daily basis but not less support in mapping the after effects of floods , hurricanes , earthquakes volcano eruptions , oil spill etc and also helps in prediction of Drought affected areas water contamination etc.Most of these e the problem of cloud when it comes to the optical sensors therefore the analysis of such kind of risk management / disa management is more and more depending upon the micr need continuous monitoring of a given area for assessment and relief activities.The problem needs to be addressed in two parts, one is when the data is for other than Indian visibility and the data within Indian visibility within Indian visibility cone is asked for to consider that a country like India which is very much in the use of Remote Sensing data needs data for its tional projects like Crop estimation, Irrigation related , waste this the following are the feasibilities on given point of 1 for a period of 2014 shows that the opportunities are 2 nd and using both Ascending and Descending on 23 rd no Nov and 23 rd the opportunities of Cartosat-1 & 2 have the As these satellites 2 have the sometime becomes a disadvantage and reduces the total number of when coupled with the optical satellites tions are on a daily basis but not less after effects of floods , hurricanes , earthquakes volcano eruptions , oil spill fected areas water contamination etc.Most of these e the problem of cloud when it comes to the optical sensors therefore the analysis of such kind of risk management / disaster management is more and more depending upon the microwave need continuous monitoring of a given area for assessment and relief activities.The problem needs to be addressed in two parts, one is when the data is for other than Indian visibility and the data within Indian visibility within Indian visibility cone is asked for to consider that a country like India which is very much in the use of Remote Sensing data needs data for its tional projects like Crop estimation, Irrigation related , waste

Figure-4 Bharati Station location
land mapping etc.These need data without gap and for the full y.Whenever the data for disasters is planned it is a at the cost of the other ongoing projects.
1 the ongoing projects look for specific angles, rizations and look direction like FASAL requires data in cending left look with 36 deg angle and dual polarization.
4 shows the data requirement of FASAL.

4: FASAL requirements with RISAT
The data other than the Indian visibility cone are always planned with the onboard tape recorder and station ( Bharati) is used for down linking the data.station at Antarctica (Bharati), has been used to establish a ground station to acquire Indian Remote Sensing satellites data and to communicate with to them.The station was successfully established in Dec 2012 with S/X communication link between Antarctica and India (NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa).The link supports transfer of satellite data @2x40 Mbps in near and 2 way communication services @ 4 Mbps to NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa simultaneously Antarctica station facilitates local coverage collections over the region for the benefit of scientists studying the Antarctica region.Due its location the IRS satellites are visible to the tion for about 10 to 11 orbits therefore it provides additional orbits for data down linking.
Within 1h of downlink the data is transferred from Bharati station to Shadnagar station.The data is processed and su to the user.The best time lies achieved is Philippines earthquake.The location of Antarctica st igure-5.During 2012 requests were serviced.

Bharati Station location
land mapping etc.These need data without gap and for the full y.Whenever the data for disasters is planned it is a at the cost of the other ongoing projects.Specially in case of 1 the ongoing projects look for specific angles, rizations and look direction like FASAL requires data in look with 36 deg angle and dual polarization.4 shows the data requirement of FASAL.

4: FASAL requirements with RISAT-
The data other than the Indian visibility cone are always planned with the onboard tape recorder and used for down linking the data.station at Antarctica (Bharati), Larsemann Hills, has been used to establish a ground station to acquire Indian Remote Sensing satellites data and to communicate with to them.land mapping etc.These need data without gap and for the full y.Whenever the data for disasters is planned it is always Specially in case of 1 the ongoing projects look for specific angles, rizations and look direction like FASAL requires data in look with 36 deg angle and dual polarization.4 shows the data requirement of FASAL.

-1
The data other than the Indian visibility cone are always planned with the onboard tape recorder and the Antractica used for down linking the data.The Indian Larsemann Hills, (69ºS and has been used to establish a ground station to acquire Indian Remote Sensing satellites data and to communicate with to them.The station was successfully Band and established a communication link between Antarctica and two stations in India (NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa).The link supports real time to NRSC and 2 way communication services @ 4 Mbps to NRSC, itates local coverage collections over the region for the benefit of scientists studying the Antarctica region.Due its location the IRS satellites are visible to the tion for about 10 to 11 orbits therefore it provides additional Within 1h of downlink the data is transferred from Bharati .The data is processed and supplied turnaround time for Philippines earthquake.The location of Antarctica station is 13, 25 International Charter land mapping etc.These need data without gap and for the full ways Specially in case of 1 the ongoing projects look for specific angles, rizations and look direction like FASAL requires data in look with 36 deg angle and dual polarization.
The data other than the Indian visibility cone are always the Antractica The Indian (69ºS and has been used to establish a ground station to acquire Indian Remote Sensing satellites data and to communicate with to them.The station was successfully Band and established a two stations in India (NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa).The link supports real time to NRSC and 2 way communication services @ 4 Mbps to NRSC, itates local coverage collections over the region for the benefit of scientists studying the Antarctica region.Due its location the IRS satellites are visible to the tion for about 10 to 11 orbits therefore it provides additional Within 1h of downlink the data is transferred from Bharati plied time for tion is 13, 25 International Charter

RISAT
RISAT-1 possible modes(resolution/swath) and incidences.Such variety provides a shorter access time (of the order of 2 specific constraint incidence angles of archived data are to be matched with f collection , this makes the planning complex and in turn reduces the collection capabilities.For example be selected for flood detection (to m attempt to maximize the contrast where as low incidence shall be selected for oil spills (to maximise sea clutter and therefore the contrast between po and clean water surfaces).A trade-off betwe choosing the highest resolution while covering the observed.when emergencies are to be combined with Based on the cloud movem occurrence for some of the events the satellites are requested to be tasked with an advance notice of few hours.In the years 2012-13, twelve states were either effected by floods or by Cyclone.With RISAT eventually disturbed the requirement for the other projects.ence angles of archived data are to be matched with f collection , this makes the planning complex and in turn reduces the collection capabilities.
example for water-related applications, be selected for flood detection (to m attempt to maximize the contrast as low incidence shall be selected for oil spills (to maximise sea clutter and therefore the contrast between po and clean water surfaces).
off between spatial resolution and swath has to be done, choosing the highest resolution while covering the .Coupled with this the process becomes more complex when emergencies are to be combined with Based on the cloud movem occurrence for some of the events the satellites are requested to be tasked with an advance notice of few hours.In the years 13, twelve states were either effected by floods or by Cyclone.With RISAT-1 all these w tually disturbed the requirement for the other projects.
shows the areas planned for floods in 2012 5 RISAT-1 planned for disaster during 2012 hen selecting radar acquisitions for the purpose of damage assessment, the matching very important (same incidence and resolution) between hives and new acquisitions rived from the comparison between acquisitions obtained fore and after an event.
Examples of disaster monitoring and risk management 2.1 An example of flood monitoring using IRS constellation of satellites over Assam area.areas in Assam state were inundated due to floods in Brahmaputra, Beki and other rivers.Kaziranga National Park also inundated by the flood waters of Brahmaputra River.request for data collection was triggered on 6 ISRO / NRSC programmed Sep , 9 th Sep , 10 th 50m resolution.Pre event data was available on 14th August The flood inundation information was disseminated to the concerned Central and Assam State Govt.departments.The following satellite images show pre & post flood situation in Nowgong, Sonitpur and other districts and the floods in Kaziranga National Park ( 1 programming programming is more complex, possible modes(resolution/swath) and incidences.Such variety provides a shorter access time (of the order of 2 of angles are given.ence angles of archived data are to be matched with f collection , this makes the planning complex and in turn reduces the collection capabilities.related applications, be selected for flood detection (to minimise water clutter, in the attempt to maximize the contrast between water and land) as low incidence shall be selected for oil spills (to maximise sea clutter and therefore the contrast between po en spatial resolution and swath has to be done, choosing the highest resolution while covering the Coupled with this the process becomes more complex when emergencies are to be combined with Based on the cloud movement and the estimated rain fall and occurrence for some of the events the satellites are requested to be tasked with an advance notice of few hours.In the years 13, twelve states were either effected by floods or by 1 all these w tually disturbed the requirement for the other projects.
shows the areas planned for floods in 2012 programming is more complex, given the variety of possible modes(resolution/swath) and incidences.Such variety provides a shorter access time (of the order of 2-3days), unless a of angles are given.For example if the ence angles of archived data are to be matched with f collection , this makes the planning complex and in turn reduces related applications, high incidence shall inimise water clutter, in the between water and land) as low incidence shall be selected for oil spills (to maximise sea clutter and therefore the contrast between po en spatial resolution and swath has to be done, choosing the highest resolution while covering the area Coupled with this the process becomes more complex when emergencies are to be combined with ongoing requests ent and the estimated rain fall and occurrence for some of the events the satellites are requested to be tasked with an advance notice of few hours.In the years 13, twelve states were either effected by floods or by 1 all these were supported.This tually disturbed the requirement for the other projects.
shows the areas planned for floods in 2012-2013 given the variety of possible modes(resolution/swath) and incidences.Such variety 3days), unless a For example if the ence angles of archived data are to be matched with future collection , this makes the planning complex and in turn reduces high incidence shall inimise water clutter, in the between water and land) as low incidence shall be selected for oil spills (to maximise sea clutter and therefore the contrast between polluted en spatial resolution and swath has to be done, area to be Coupled with this the process becomes more complex ongoing requests.
ent and the estimated rain fall and occurrence for some of the events the satellites are requested to be tasked with an advance notice of few hours.In the years 13, twelve states were either effected by floods or by ere supported.This tually disturbed the requirement for the other projects.

Floods in Nepal
Heavy rain caused massive landslides from the hillside in Jure, Mankhaa of Sindhupal on 2 Aug 2014.The landslide across the Saptakoshi River, one of the main tributaries of the Koshi River, blocking the flow of water completely.With a large volume of water collecting above the dam, the risk of flash floods, which could also impact India concern.Emergency was triggered on 3Aug 2014 for data collection and monitoring the area.Support was provided as shown in the table maps were generated

HUDHUD cyclone:
Cyclones are wind-systems of relatively low pressure which spiral inwards towards a centre in the lowest and cause immense destruction and loss of life when they strike coastal areas.The Indian Metrological Depar a prediction of these cyclones.Based on the predictions the data requirement is initiated.Very Severe Cy 'HUDHUD' over west central Bay of Bengal made landfall at Andhra Pradesh coast on 12th October 2014.The alerts of this were released by IMD on 6 planning for the data collections were initiated on 6 tinuously data was planne To have a complete assessment and a base map gene Coarse resolution followed by Medium resolution then high resolution data were planned.Figure 8 shows the pla the satellite based on the track.

Floods in Nepal
Heavy rain caused massive landslides from the hillside in Jure, Mankhaa of Sindhupal chowk district in Nepal's Central R on 2 Aug 2014.The landslide across the Saptakoshi River, one of the main tributaries of the Koshi River, blocking the flow of water completely.With a large volume of water collecting above the dam, the risk of flash floods, which could also impact India .Emergency was triggered on 3Aug 2014 for data collection and monitoring the area.Support was provided as shown in the table-2.Continuous monitoring was maps were generated given till 19 systems of relatively low pressure which spiral inwards towards a centre in the lowest and cause immense destruction and loss of life when they strike coastal areas.The Indian Metrological Depar a prediction of these cyclones.Based on the predictions the data requirement is initiated.Very Severe Cy 'HUDHUD' over west central Bay of Bengal made landfall at Andhra Pradesh coast on 12th October 2014.The alerts of this were released by IMD on 6 planning for the data collections were initiated on 6 data was planned from 8 th Oct 2014 till To have a complete assessment and a base map gene Coarse resolution followed by Medium resolution then high resolution data were planned.Figure 8 shows the pla the satellite based on the track.

HUDHUD cyclone planning
Heavy rain caused massive landslides from the hillside in Jure, chowk district in Nepal's Central R on 2 Aug 2014.The landslide created a high artificial dam across the Saptakoshi River, one of the main tributaries of the Koshi River, blocking the flow of water completely.With a large volume of water collecting above the dam, the risk of flash floods, which could also impact India's Bihar .Emergency was triggered on 3Aug 2014 for data collection and monitoring the area.Support was provided as ontinuous monitoring was given till 19 th Aug 2014.

Conclusions:
Remote sensing has become a tool for assessment or risk management and the demand for the same is increasing.2012-13financial year witnessed flooding in 12 states of India.The IRS satellite constellation including the Microwave satellite gives opportunity of imaging any area on the globe almost every day.The optical sensors have the difficulty of the effect of the meteorological uncertainties.This demands continuous support of planning form the SAR sensors.Therefore RISAT-1 is mostly occupied with emergency planning.The existing constellation of satellites do not allow for a real time monitoring with few hours gap.Another limitation is non availability of simultaneous collections in optical and SAR data The situation will improve with the launch of dedicated constellation of satellites only for disaster monitoring and risk management.

Following
are the modes of planning the requests Long term planning Short term planning Day wise planning The long term planning gathers all the user requests and the time left for some more operations and as of collections.This helps ( Figure -1) 1 : Consolidation of request from 3 m to 50m.On demand the satellite can be operated to get high resolution data of 1m for 10*100 sq km.Following table gives the details of the satellites revisit capabilities available for 1 IRS satellites available for risk management

Figure
Figure :-3 RISAT-1 orbital pattern this the following are the feasibilities on given point of

Figure
FigureThe data other than the Indian visibility cone are always planned with the onboard tape recorder and station ( Bharati) is station at Antarctica (Bharati), 76ºE approx) acquire Indian Remote Sensing satellites data and to communicate with to them.The station was successfully established in Dec 2012 with S/X communication link between Antarctica and India (NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa).The link supports transfer of satellite data @2x40 Mbps in near and 2 way communication services @ 4 Mbps to NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa simultaneously Antarctica station facil region for the benefit of scientists studying the Antarctica region.Due its location the IRS satellites are visible to the st orbits for data down Within 1h of downlink the data is transferred from Bharati station to Shadnagar station to the user.The best time lies achieved is Philippines earthquake.The location of Antarctica st shown in requests were serviced.

Figure
Figure

Figure- 4 :
Figure-4: FASAL requirements with RISAT The data other than the Indian visibility cone are always planned with the onboard tape recorder and station ( Bharati) is station at Antarctica (Bharati), 76ºE approx) has been used to establish a ground station to acquire Indian Remote Sensing satellites data and to communicate with to them.The station was successfully established in Dec 2012 with S/X communication link between Antarctica and India (NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa).The link supports transfer of satellite data @2x40 Mbps in near and 2 way communication services @ 4 Mbps to NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa simultaneously Antarctica station facil region for the benefit of scientists studying the Antarctica region.Due its location the IRS satellites are visible to the station for about 10 to 11 orbits therefore it provides additional orbits for data down Within 1h of downlink the data is transferred from Bharati station to Shadnagar station to the user.The best time lies achieved is Philippines earthquake.The location of Antarctica st shown in Figure requests were serviced.
The station was successfully established in Dec 2012 with S/X-Band and established a communication link between Antarctica and India (NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa).The link supports transfer of satellite data @2x40 Mbps in near real time to NRSC and 2 way communication services @ 4 Mbps to NRSC, Shadnagar and NCAOR, Goa simultaneously.itates local coverage collections over the region for the benefit of scientists studying the Antarctica region.Due its location the IRS satellites are visible to the tion for about 10 to 11 orbits therefore it provides additional Within 1h of downlink the data is transferred from Bharati .The data is processed and su to the user.The best time lies achieved is 4h turnaround Philippines earthquake.location of Antarctica st .During 2012-13, 25 International Charter 4 Bharati Station location.

2 .
Figure :-5 RISAT planned for disaster during 2012 hen selecting radar acquisitions for the purpose of damage assessment, the matching of mode , node and polarization are (same incidence and resolution) between hives and new acquisitions as the variation information is mparison between acquisitions obtained Examples of disaster monitoring and risk management 2.1 An example of flood monitoring using IRS constellation of satellites over Assam area.During third week of August, 2014, areas in Assam state were inundated due to floods in Brahmaputra, Beki and other rivers.Kaziranga National Park also inundated by the flood waters of Brahmaputra River.data collection was triggered on 6 ISRO / NRSC programmed RISAT-1 satellite data of Sep , 11 th Sep with coarse resolution event data was available on 14th August The flood inundation information was disseminated to the concerned Central and Assam State Govt.departments.The following satellite images show pre & post flood situation in Nowgong, Sonitpur and other districts and the floods in (Figure 6) planned for disaster during 2012-13 hen selecting radar acquisitions for the purpose of damage of mode , node and polarization are (same incidence and resolution) between he variation information is mparison between acquisitions obtained Examples of disaster monitoring and risk management 2.1 An example of flood monitoring using IRS constellation of During third week of August, 2014, areas in Assam state were inundated due to floods in Brahmaputra, Beki and other rivers.Kaziranga National Park also inundated by the flood waters of Brahmaputra River.data collection was triggered on 6 th Sep 2014. 1 satellite data of the area Sep with coarse resolution event data was available on 14th August The flood inundation information was disseminated to the concerned Central and Assam State Govt.departments.The following satellite images show pre & post flood situation in Nowgong, Sonitpur and other districts and the floods in 2013 13 hen selecting radar acquisitions for the purpose of damage of mode , node and polarization are (same incidence and resolution) between he variation information is mparison between acquisitions obtained Examples of disaster monitoring and risk management 2.1 An example of flood monitoring using IRS constellation of During third week of August, 2014, areas in Assam state were inundated due to floods in Brahmaputra, Beki and other rivers.Kaziranga National Park also inundated by the flood waters of Brahmaputra River.The the area Sep with coarse resolution event data was available on 14th August The flood inundation information was disseminated to the concerned Central and Assam State Govt.departments.The following satellite images show pre & post flood situation in Nowgong, Sonitpur and other districts and the floods in

Figure 2 . 2
Figure 2.2 Jammu & Kashmir during first week of September, 2014.request for emergency planning with all on 6 track the area was Resourcesat passed the area at 9.45 am on 6 supplied immediately.water levels of Jhelum river had led to flooding in the districts of Anantnag, Pulwama, Badgam, Kulgam, Rajouri etc. Heavy rain falls Therefore this required continuous monitoring of Jammu & Kashmir area.RISAT opportunities.The data was collected on 8 Sep, 12 2014.Optical satellites were also tasked, 10 and 19 could be fulfilled with the constellation of IRS sa the cost of disturbing the collections of other N Fig

Figure-6 RISAT 2 . 2
Figure-6 RISAT 2.2 Jammu & Kashmir floods Jammu & Kashmir during first week of September, 2014.request for emergency planning with all on 6 th Sep 2014 track the area was Resourcesat passed the area at 9.45 am on 6 supplied immediately.water levels of Jhelum river had led to flooding in the districts of Anantnag, Pulwama, Badgam, Kulgam, Rajouri etc. Heavy rain falls cause widespread flooding in the Kashmir valley.Therefore this required continuous monitoring of Jammu & Kashmir area.RISAT opportunities.The data was collected on 8 Sep, 12 th Sep. 17 2014.Optical satellites were also tasked, 10 th Sep , Cartosat and 19 th Sep 2014.The requirement of could be fulfilled with the constellation of IRS sa the cost of disturbing the collections of other N Figure 7 shows the J&K flood inundation.
systems of relatively low pressure which spiral inwards towards a centre in the lowest atmospheric le and cause immense destruction and loss of life when they strike coastal areas.The Indian Metrological Department(IMD) gives a prediction of these cyclones.Based on the predictions the data requirement is initiated.Very Severe Cyclonic 'HUDHUD' over west central Bay of Bengal made landfall at Andhra Pradesh coast on 12th October 2014.The alerts of this were released by IMD on 6 th Oct 2014.The planning for the data collections were initiated on 6Oct 2014 till 26 To have a complete assessment and a base map gene Coarse resolution followed by Medium resolution then high resolution data were planned.Figure8shows the planning ofHUDHUD cyclone planningHeavy rain caused massive landslides from the hillside in Jure, chowk district in Nepal's Central R created a high artificial dam across the Saptakoshi River, one of the main tributaries of the Koshi River, blocking the flow of water completely.With a large volume of water collecting above the dam, the risk of flash 's Bihar was a point of .Emergency was triggered on 3Aug 2014 for data collection and monitoring the area.Support was provided as ontinuous monitoring was done and Aug 2014.systems of relatively low pressure which atmospheric levels and cause immense destruction and loss of life when they strike ment(IMD) gives a prediction of these cyclones.Based on the predictions the data Storm 'HUDHUD' over west central Bay of Bengal made landfall at Oct 2014.The planning for the data collections were initiated on 6 th and 26 th Oct To have a complete assessment and a base map generated Coarse resolution followed by Medium resolution then high ning of Heavy rain caused massive landslides from the hillside in Jure, chowk district in Nepal's Central Region created a high artificial dam across the Saptakoshi River, one of the main tributaries of the Koshi River, blocking the flow of water completely.With a large volume of water collecting above the dam, the risk of flash was a point of .Emergency was triggered on 3Aug 2014 for data collection and monitoring the area.Support was provided as done and the -14 CARTOSAT-2 RS-2

Table - 1
IRS satellites available for risk management

1 : Consolidation of request be
operated to get high resolution data of 1m for 10*100 sq km.Following table-1 gives the details of the satellites revisit capabilities available for 1 IRS satellites available for risk management

Session Commands Execu Starts CASE-1: If Emergency Exist before 1730 IST on Working Days , then the Emergency Request will be Ingested by planning team at SCC. If already Commands are Generated at ISTRAC & not Uplinked Regenerate t CASE-2: If
The schedules of next day are not yet released.

Flow chart-1 Showing the flow of the emergency Three
cases arise for an emergency request.

Emergency Exist before 1730 IST on Working Days , then the Emergency Request will be Ingested by planning team at NDC along with Regular Request and Send to SCC. If already Commands are Generated at ISTRAC & not
Uplinked Regenerate the Commands with new I/P from NDC.
orbital pattern this the following are the feasibilities on given point of th no possibility again The opportunities with Resourcesat-2 are on 18 Similarly if we generate the opportunities of Cartosat 2. It is observed that Cartosat-1 & Cartosat opportunities of collections on 18 th Nov 2014.

Table 2 -IRS-Support for the Nepal floods 3.Future Spatial Systems:
ISRO is planning to launch both Microwave and Optical sensors , of medium and high resolution.Backup missions for Resoiurcesat-2 and RISAT-1 namely Resourcesat-2 R and RISAT-1A are planned.Apart from these series of high resolution missions are aimed at like Cartosat 3/3A/3B with 0.25m PAN and 1m MX.Cartosat 1A/1B with 1.25m PAN stereo and 2.5m MX , Resourcesat-3 series with 20m MX .All these are highly flexible and together can give data with a gap of few hours provided they are phased.