DECISION MAKING ON REGIONAL LANDFILL SITE SELECTION IN HORMOZGAN PROVINCE USING SMCE

Landfill site selection and suitable conditions to bury hazardous wastes are among the most critical issues in modern societies. Taking several factors and limitations into account along with true decision making requires application of different decision techniques. To this end, current paper aims to make decisions about regional landfill site selection in Hormozgan province and utilizes SMCE technique combined with qualitative and quantitative criteria to select the final alternatives. To this respect, we first will describe the existing environmental situation in our study area and set the goals of our study in the framework of SMCE and will analyze the effective factors in regional landfill site selection. Then, methodological procedure of research was conducted using Delphi approach and questionnaires (in order to determine research validity, Chronbach Alpha (0.94) method was used). Spatial multi-criteria analysis model was designed in the form of criteria tree in SMCE using IL WIS software. Prioritization of respective spatial alternatives included: Bandar Abbas city with total 4 spatial alternatives (one zone with 1 priority, one zone with 3 priority and two zones with 4priority) was considered the first priority, Bastak city with total 3 spatial alternatives (one zone with 2 priority, one zone with 3priorit and one zone with 4 priority) was the second priority and Bandar Abbas, Minab, Jask and Haji Abad cities were considered as the third priority. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W5, 2015 International Conference on Sensors & Models in Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, 23–25 Nov 2015, Kish Island, Iran This contribution has been peer-reviewed. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-1-W5-433-2015 433


Introduction
One of the significant environmental issues faced by metropolitan areas is management of hazardous urban, industrial and healthcare solid wastes.To this respect, handling healthcare and hazardous waste or special waste are of critical importance becauase lack of correct planning and management may lead to widespread pollution of surface and ground water, soil and air.A basic step in comprehensive management of wastes is to manage special wastes and the main issue in the general procedure of special waste management is landfill site selection (Jandaghian et al, 2012:11).In 2012, Raziyeh Porshokouh, Mohsen Dehghani and Heydar Ghaderi presented an article under title "landfill site selection for urban wastes produced in Haji Abad city using AHP and GIS".
In current research, from among the existing methods for site selection, we have used a mixed approach of spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE).As site selection is actually a kind of multi-criteria decision making affecting several indicators to this end, it seems that application of this method can be effective in the process of decision making about regional landfill locations from the standpoint of environmental management.In addition, GIS, being capable of handling a great deal of spatial data from different sources, is ideal for such pilot studies (Nas B, Cay T-2010).
Current study aims to analyze how decisions on suitable sites for establishment of regional landfills are made, investigate the capabilities and limitations of SMCE approach in making decisions about landfill locations, present management methods for reducing pollutions arising from establishment of special infectious waste landfills, achieve sustainable development within the study area and prevent from damage to and pollution of the area by an applied and appropriate site selection.

Material and method
Methodological phases of this research involve stages, phases and sub-phases designed systematically in order to achieve the main and specified goals as follows: 1-To review useful information resources and records at national and international levels concerning the capabilities of SMCE software in locating landfills concordant with field investigations of Hormozgan Province landfills.Delphi method is an approach for collecting experts' opinions and decisions who are not in contact with each other.Delphi method has been used in different research areas related to forecasting the future events (Asgharpour, 2011).

𝑁 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2
Where N: statistical community size: the number of respective criteria for spatial evaluation of regional landfills in Hormozgan Province.In this case, the sample size was obtained 45 individuals.According to the conducted analyses and selection of the effective criteria and provision of maps to be used in the model, decision tree for spatial site of regional landfills for special wastes in Hormozgan province was created which is shown in figure 1.

Result
Findings from studies and research on spatial evaluation of regional landfills for infectious wastes in Hormozgan province are presented in this section including prioritization and weighing of effective criteria on site selection of regional landfills in Expert Choice software and spatial evaluation of regional landfills in Hormozgan province using SMCE model.
With respect to prioritization of the corresponding subcriteria in spatial regional landfill site decision making in Hormozgan province, figure 3 shows that the sub-criteria including temperature 0.174 in weight assumes the first rank, annual relative humidity 0.074 in weight takes the second rank, current land use 0.066 takes the third rank, and distance from educational centers 0.004 in weight takes the lowest and last rank.
Figure 2-prioritization of subcriteria in spatial decision making on regional landfill sites in hormozgan province

Results of decisions on spatial sites of regional landfills for special infectious wastes using SMCE
In prioritization of spatial options for regional landfills in Hormozgan province, the results suggest that those sites priority followed by

2-
To study the current situation of the environment in the area of study and setting goals for studies within the framework of SMCE approach 3-Identification and selection of the 4-effective criteria in locating regional landfills of special infectious wastes 5-Designing a spatial multi-criteria analysis model in the form of criteria tree in SMCE environment using IL WIS software 6-Mapping and standardization of the criteria affecting regional landfill site selection for special infectious wastes 7-Weighing and prioritization of spatial options and selection of superior spatial options a) Delphi Questionnaire With regard to those indicators of study that require quantitative analysis to be included into modeling phase, Delphi questionnaire was utilized for public opinion polling.
analysis SPSS In current work, Chronach's Alpha was used to analyze research reliability which was calculated using the following relation: Reliability of the respective questionnaire was obtained 0.963, indicating that research reliability has been sufficiently high.c) Spatial multi-criteria Evaluation (SMCE) model SMCE is a multi-criteria decision model for spatial data.Lots of options can be provided and evaluated in this model.This method is useful for analyzing the impacts of land use planning and regional development.Since SMCE is a structure based on geomatics information, its results are close to reality.Therefore, in studies on site selection of special areas for novel industries, this structure can be applied using IL WIS software to locate appropriate areas.This computer-based program is the spatial type of multicriteria decision methods and enables GISs to analyze data and make decisions.This method resolves the limitation found in GIS in overlaying method concerning the number of layers (Roudgarmi et al, 2008).

Fig. 1 -
Fig.1-decision tree model value for landfill establishment.Likewise, the results of spatial evaluations conducted in SMCE model indicate that from among cities in Hormozgan province, Bandar Lengeh with total 4 suitable spatial options , has the largest capacity for landfill establishment followed by Bastak city with total 3 options and Bandar Abbas, Minab, Jask and HajAbad within the next priorities and finally, Rudan City had the lowest capacity for landfill establishment.Diagram1 shows the final diagram of mixed indicators of landfill site selection in Hormozgan province.

Table 1 -
The main criteria for regional landfill evaluation in Hormozgan province

ᵒ More than 27 Less than 130 ml 130-180 ml More than 180 ml Average annual precipitation Less than 60% 60-70% More than 70% Average annual relative humidity Less than 3m/s 3-5 m/s More than 5m/s Prevailing wind speed Along with prevailing wind Opposite the prevailing wind Prevailing wind direction Less than 1km 1km More than 1 km Distance from surface and ground water Water resources -2-1 Low Mean High Debit (flow rate) of surface and ground water Low Mean High Hydrolic gradient of ground water Sandstone, basaltic lava, alluvial sediments Type of original rocks Geological -3-1 Limestone, shale Marl Less than 2km 2-5 km More than 5 km Distance from fault
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W5, 2015 International Conference on Sensors & Models in Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry, 23-25 Nov 2015, Kish Island, Iran